microbiology Exam 2

Virus genome

DNA or RNA, never both

Virion

Complete infectious virus particle

Capsid

Protein coat around a viral genome

Capsomere

Protein subunit of a capsid

Envelope

Lipid layer surrounding some viruses

Viral envelope origin

Host cell membrane

Spike

Viral protein used for attachment

Naked virus

Virus without an envelope

Enveloped virus

Virus with a lipid envelope

Host range

Hosts a virus can infect

Tissue tropism

Tissues or cells a virus infects

Bacteriophage

Virus that infects bacteria

Phage

Short name for bacteriophage

Helical capsid

Rod-shaped capsid

Polyhedral capsid

Many-sided capsid

Icosahedral capsid

20-sided capsid

Complex virus example

T4 bacteriophage

Helical virus example

Tobacco mosaic virus

Enveloped helical virus example

Ebola virus

Polyhedral virus example

Poliovirus

Influenza H spike

Hemagglutinin

Influenza N spike

Neuraminidase

H1N1

Influenza virus subtype

Virus size range

About 20 nm to 900 nm

Giant virus example

Pandoravirus

Obligate intracellular parasite

Must replicate inside a host cell

Ivanovski

Original discoverer of filterable virus agent

Beijerinck

Scientist who used the term virus

Wendell Stanley

Crystallized tobacco mosaic virus

Virus meaning

Poison

Tobacco mosaic virus genome

RNA

Viral taxonomy family ending

viridae

Viral taxonomy genus ending

virus

Baltimore classification

Based on viral genome and mRNA production

Baltimore Group I

Double-stranded DNA

Baltimore Group II

Single-stranded DNA

Baltimore Group III

Double-stranded RNA

Baltimore Group IV

Positive single-stranded RNA

Baltimore Group V

Negative single-stranded RNA

Baltimore Group VI

Positive single-stranded RNA retrovirus

Baltimore Group VII

Double-stranded DNA reverse-transcribing virus

Positive RNA

Can act as mRNA

Negative RNA

Must be copied into positive RNA

Retrovirus enzyme

Reverse transcriptase

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Makes RNA from RNA

HIV genome type

Positive single-stranded RNA retrovirus

Hepatitis B genome type

Double-stranded DNA reverse-transcribing virus

Influenza genome type

Negative single-stranded RNA

Herpesvirus genome type

Double-stranded DNA

Parvovirus genome type

Single-stranded DNA

Rotavirus genome type

Double-stranded RNA

Provirus

Viral DNA integrated into animal host DNA

Prophage

Viral DNA integrated into bacterial DNA

Lytic cycle result

Host cell lysis

Lysogenic cycle result

Viral genome remains dormant in host DNA

Virulent phage

Phage that uses the lytic cycle

Temperate phage

Phage that can use the lysogenic cycle

Lytic cycle step 1

Attachment

Lytic cycle step 2

Penetration

Lytic cycle step 3

Biosynthesis

Lytic cycle step 4

Maturation

Lytic cycle step 5

Release

Lysogen

Bacterium containing a prophage

Induction

Prophage exits host DNA and enters lytic cycle

Lysogenic conversion

Bacterial trait change caused by prophage genes

Generalized transduction

Random bacterial DNA transfer

Specialized transduction

Transfer of bacterial DNA near prophage insertion site

Animal virus entry methods

Endocytosis or membrane fusion

Animal virus release methods

Lysis or budding

Persistent infection

Virus remains in host long-term

Latent infection

Dormant viral infection

Chronic infection

Long-term active or recurring viral infection

Chickenpox virus

Varicella-zoster virus

Shingles cause

Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus

Oral herpes cause

Herpes simplex virus

Mononucleosis virus

Epstein-Barr virus

Chronic viral infection example

Hepatitis C

Prion

Infectious misfolded protein

Prion genetic material

None

Prion resistance

Heat, chemicals, radiation, and standard sterilization

Prion disease category

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Mad cow disease

Prion disease in cattle

Scrapie

Prion disease in sheep and goats

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Human prion disease

Viroid

Circular RNA with no capsid

Viroid host

Plants

Virusoid

RNA particle requiring a helper virus

Hepatitis D helper virus

Hepatitis B virus

PCR detects

DNA

RT-PCR detects

RNA

Hemagglutination

Red blood cell clumping

Hemagglutinin

Viral protein that clumps red blood cells

EIA detects

Antigens or antibodies

Cytopathic effect

Visible cell damage from viral infection

Syncytium

Multinucleated fused cell

Taxonomy

Naming and classifying organisms

Nomenclature

Scientific naming system

Binomial nomenclature

Genus and species naming

Genus formatting

Capitalized and italicized

Species epithet formatting

Lowercase and italicized