Anatomy and Histology Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering anatomy and histology topics including skeletal classification, muscle innervations and attachments, joint anatomy, and gastrointestinal structures.

Bones ossified at birth

Bones that undergo ossification prior to birth, notably including the lower end of the femur.

Endochondral ossification

The process of bone development from a cartilage model, as seen in long bones.

Traction epiphysis

An epiphysis formed under tensile forces from attached tendons, such as the trochanter of the femur and the coracoid process of the scapula.

Aberrant epiphysis

An atypical epiphysis found in uncommon locations, such as at the base of the 1st metacarpal.

Mastoid process (epiphysis classification)

Classified as a traction epiphysis.

Metaphysis

The region of a long bone where growth activity is maximized, which is the most vascular part and favors hematogenous spread of infection, but is not the strongest part of the bone.

Pneumatic bones

Air-containing bones of the skull including the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones (excluding the mandible).

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that differentiate to give rise to osteocytes.

Stapedius

The smallest muscle in the human body.

Composite muscles

Muscles innervated by more than one nerve, including adductor magnus, biceps femoris, and flexor digitorum profundus (excluding rectus femoris and flexor carpi ulnaris).

Digastric muscles

Muscles with two muscle bellies united by an intermediate tendon, including occipitofrontalis, omohyoid, and muscular fibres in the ligament of Treitz (excluding sternocleidomastoid).

Sartorius

The longest muscle in the human body.

Scaphoid

The carpal bone that is most frequently fractured.

Pectoralis major

The muscle that is most commonly congenitally absent.

Multi-unit smooth muscle

Smooth muscle composed of independent fibers, present in blood vessels, the iris, and the ductus deferens (excluding the gut).

Single unit smooth muscle

Visceral smooth muscle that contracts co-ordinately, present in structures like the ureter.

Linea aspera (medial lip attachment)

The site of insertion for the short head of the biceps femoris muscle on the posterior femur.

Superficial muscles of perineum

Muscles of the perineal region including the ischiocavernosus.

Ischial tuberosity (muscle attachment)

A bony origin site providing attachment to the quadratus femoris muscle.

Lumbricals (action)

Hand muscles that produce flexion at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.

Power grip

A gripping force produced primarily by the long flexors of the hand.

Floor of intertubercular sulcus

The site of insertion on the humerus for the latissimus dorsi muscle.

Greater trochanter (lateral surface)

The insertion site on the femur for the gluteus medius muscle.

Triceps surae

A muscle pair of the posterior leg that includes the gastrocnemius muscle.

Linea aspera

A ridge on the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft that continues superiorly as the gluteal tuberosity.

Froment test

A physical examination test performed to evaluate function of the adductor pollicis muscle.

Ulnar nerve lesion in leprosy

Presents with functional impairment and paralysis of the interosseous muscles of the hand.

Sacrum articular surface

The lateral articular surface of the sacrum extending vertically across 3 to 3 1/2 vertebrae.

Cruciform ligament

A ligamentous complex of the median atlantoaxial joint that includes the transverse ligament of the atlas.

Cranio-vertebral joint components

Articulations involving the atlas, axis, and basi-occiput, excluding the wings of the sphenoid.

Sacrococcygeal joint

The articulation between the sacrum and the coccyx, classified as a symphysis.

Sacroiliac joint (lower limit)

The inferior level of the sacroiliac joint, extending to 2 to 2 1/2 sacral segments.

Coronary ligament of knee

Capsular reflections situated between the menisci and the tibial condyle.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

An intrasynovial knee ligament whose primary action is to prevent posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.

False ribs (8th, 9th, and 10th)

Ribs whose costal cartilages do not directly reach the sternum, attaching instead to the 7th costal cartilage via synchondroses.

First sterno-costal joint

The primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) between the first rib and the manubrium sterni.

First costochondral joint

A primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) between the rib and its costal cartilage.

Medial lemniscus system

A sensory pathway formed from the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus in the posterior column.

Spring ligament

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament that provides vital support to the head of the talus.

Oblique popliteal ligament

A fibrous expansion on the posterior knee joint derived from the semimembranosus tendon.

Knee joint

A complex joint classified structurally as a compound condylar joint.

Intervertebral body joint

A secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis) formed between adjacent vertebral bodies.

Atlanto-occipital joint

A synovial articulation functionally classified as an ellipsoid joint.

Syndesmosis

A fibrous joint united by fibrous connective tissue.

Sternoclavicular joint

A synovial joint containing an intracapsular articular disc.

Median atlantoaxial joint

A pivot synovial joint formed between the atlas and the dens of the axis.

Articular cartilage innervation

Articular cartilage lacks nerve supply, making it non-innervated unlike the joint capsule, synovium, and ligaments.

Gluteofemoral bursa

A bursa positioned between the gluteus maximus tendon and the vastus lateralis muscle.

Iliofemoral ligament

A strong anterior hip ligament arising from the anterior inferior iliac spine.

Subscapularis tendon tear

A shoulder injury in which a patient retains the ability to abduct the arm but exhibits weakness in internal rotation.

Tibialis anterior

A lower extremity muscle used in normal walking during both stance and swing phases.

Deltoid

A multipennate muscle of the shoulder joint.

Radial styloid process

A bony projection of the distal radius that provides attachment for the brachioradialis muscle.

Teres minor (scapular attachment)

Attaches to the lateral border of the scapula.

Pectoralis minor (shoulder action)

A anterior thoracic muscle that has no direct action at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.

Rotator cuff muscles

A group of four muscles consisting of subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.

Greater tubercle insertion

The anatomical site on the proximal humerus providing insertion for the teres minor muscle.

Biceps brachii

The primary muscle causing supination of the forearm.

Long head of biceps brachii tendon

A tendon structure that is intracapsular but extrasynovial within the glenohumeral joint.

Cubital fossa (medial border)

An anatomical region bounded medially by the pronator teres muscle.

Erb's point paralysis

Brachial plexus injury leading to paralysis of muscles including the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachioradialis.

Flexor digitorum profundus

A deep forearm flexor muscle characterized by a dual nerve supply.

Eccentric contraction during muscle lengthening

When lowering a heavy object in hand, the active muscle undergoes active lengthening.

Radial nerve lower spiral groove injury

An injury to the radial nerve in the lower spiral groove that spares nerve supply to the extensor carpi radialis longus.

Stomach arterial supply

Organ supplied by branches originating from the coeliac trunk, including the splenic, gastroduodenal, and left gastric arteries.

Nerve of Grassi

A neural branch originating from the right vagus nerve.

Left gastric artery

The most important arterial blood supply to the stomach.

Stomach bed structures

Structures forming the posterior bed of the stomach, which include the left kidney, splenic vein, tail of pancreas, and transverse colon, but exclude the left suprarenal vein.

Length of human intestine

The total length of the human gastrointestinal tract intestine, measuring approximately 6 meters.