Ancient history G9q4

Thomas Aquinas

Wrote the Summa Theologiae

Scholastic philosopher

Romangue Churches

Stone buildings of churches that reflect roman influence

Look like fortresses with thick walls and towers

Roofs are really heavy → need massive stone walls

* Cause the building to have small or almost no windows

Gothic Style Cathedrals

Church shine in uninterrupted light

Key feature:


1. Flying buttresses


1. Stone supports that stood outside the church 


1. Allow a construction of thinner walls → leave space for glass windows 

The Longbow

Powerful weapon then wielded by English

archers 6ft long, take years to master

Can fire 3 at once

Pierce through all but the heaviest armor

Anti Semitism

Prejudice against jews. The Christian power had increased this because they recognized Jews as different people and blamed them for disasters.

Secular

Non Religious affairs

Non Secular

Religious affairs

Black Death

Sailors arrive in italy sick → infected the townspeople

Spread throughout Italy

1 in 3 ppl die

The illness is the bubonic plague

Papal Supremacy

This was authority over all secular rulers. The medieval pope claimed this.

Joan of Arch

17 year old peasant women

Gone to the court of Charles VII

* Uncrowned the king of France because God sent her to save France
* Convinced desperate French king to lead his army against English
* Lead several victories within a year
* Caught by English → accused of witchcraft and was burned at the stake French ppl see her then as a martyr

100 year war

War between England and France and there was no clear winner. France was originally winning but eventually tied. It drained the economy of England.

Crusades

Series of wars that Christians battled Muslims for control of the land in the middle east. The first crusade freed Jerusalim from Muslim rule.

Bubonic Plague

Disease spread by fleas carried on rats

Rats are everywhere then;  therefore everyone could get them

Broke out in Europe, Asia, and North Africa

Mongolian may be the main spreaders


1. Conquering and constantly traveling

Scholasticism

Use of reason to prove the existence of god

* Philosophy

Used by Thomas Aquinas

Magna Carta

This was a great charter. King John was forced by Barons to sign one. The document made it so that the king affirmed a long list of feudal rights. It protected the Barons' privileges and recognized the rights of the townspeople and church.

Habeas Corpus

This was a principle that said no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.

Parliament

The great council eventually evolved into a Parliament and eventually became England’s legislature. It helped to unify England when it got a larger role in the government.

St Francis of Assisi

He gave up his comfortable life to preach Gospels and teach his examples of good works. He was a friar (Monks who traveled widely preaching to the poor)

Benedictine Rule

They were made by a monk named Benedict and were rules to regulate monastic life. Obedience, Poverty, Chastity

Geofrey Claucer

Wrote the Canterbury Tales


1. Follows the story of a band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb
2. Portray array of knight, plowman, merchant, miller, monk. And a nun
3. This tale tell us the details of medieval life

Craftsman

People who are very good at carving or crafting something.

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

* French, German, Italian 

Monastery

Where the pope and priest and bishop lives.

Convent

Place for nuns to pray and become sisters.

Dante Allighierri

Imaginary journey to hell

Divine comedy

* About purgatory and hell
* Poem

Icons

Holy images that further contributed to the Church’s divide.

Chivalry

Knights’ code of conduct

Troubadour

Wandering musician poets that composed love songs praising the beauty of women through the ages.

Feudal Lord

The Lord would grant their vassals an estate. They would exchange land (fiefs) for loyalty and military services. The lands could be small or really big and come with their own workers.

Usury

Practice of lending money at an interest. The Church banned Christians from doing this. This caused Jews to become money lenders.

Manor

Lord’s Estate, they usually included one or more villages and the surrounding land. Peasants also lived and worked on this land.

Guilds

Associations that were formed by merchants and artisans. They were each meant to represent workers in one occupation.

Canon Law

Laws developed by the Church that had its own courts. It was based on religious teachings.

Illumination

Decorating books with gold and silver 

Feudalism

Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater Lord

William of Normandy

He raised an army and won support of the pope and then beat Harold in the battle of Hastings and became WIlliam the Conqueror

Henry 4th IV

Ruled the same time as the pope Gregory VII. They clashed over competing claims to power.

Henry 8th VIII

He was excommunicated. One of the emperors.

Byzantine Empire

Constantinople: rebuild of the Greek City of Byzantium


1. “New Rome” near the shores of Bosporus:


1. strait that links the Mediterranean and Black Sea


1. Key trade route that linked Europe and Asia

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2. Justainan: Byzantine emperor that made the empire the greatest size


1. Justianian code: body of civil law 
2. Hagia Sophia

Due Process Of Law

These laws were in the Magna Carta and safeguarded the legal rights of the individual.

Seljuk Turks

Ones who tried to attack the Byzantines, they’re Muslim and attack christians

Louis 9th IX

Grandson of Philip Augustus. He embodied the ideal of the medieval monarch and he was a generous noble and devoted to justice and the rules of chivalry.

King John

Clever; Cruel; and untrustworthy ruler. He faced 3 enemies and lost to each one.

Lay Investitures

No clergy members are allows to appoint pope and bishop

Banned by Gregory VII

Interdict

An order that could stop a (ex town, region, kingdom) from receiving sacraments and Christian burial

Great Schism

This was when a great permanent split happened when the Christians split. This formed the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Charter

A written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town. The merchants who set up the town would ask their lords or king for this.

Inquisition

Practice of Testing if people are truly Christian started by Isabela

Reconquistas

Reconquest that Christian Europeans did that drove the Muslims from spain.

Common Law

Legal systems based on custom and court rulings. It is the same for people unlike feudal laws.

Excommunication

The most severe penalty that would get you cut off from the Church and its sacraments

Sacraments

Sacred rites of the Church that the priest administered. Christians believed that they needed it to achieve salvation.

Great Women of Medieval Europe

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Eleanor of Aquitaine


1. 2 marriages, was queen of France then also became queen of England 
2. Very active in politics

Isabella of Castile


1. Created Spain, a unified state
2. She and Ferdinand gave the final push to the Muslim stronghold of Granada


1. Won and completed the reconquista
3. Invented inquisition to drive out heresy

Joan of Arch

Pope of Medieval Europe

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Pope urban II


1. Aided Alxius I to help fight Muslium Turks
2. Symbolize the union between Roman popes and Byzantine emperors

Pope Boniface VII


1. Was challenged by Philip IV for the issue of taxing the clergy

Pope Innocent III


1. Aided by Philip II, crusaded the Albigensians in south of France
2. Feared by all powerful ruler, T-posed for dominance
3. Strengthen Papal power  

Georgory VII


1. Ban of lay investiture

The Germanic Tribes

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Franks


1. No city or written laws
2. Leaders are chosen by tribal councils
3. Mostly farmers and herders
4. Warriors swore loyalty to king for weapons and part of the loots
5. **Clovis (King of Franks)**


1. **Conquered former Roman province of Gaul**
2. **Converted to Christian** 

Goths 

Vandals

Saxons