Scientific Revolution Thinkers AP EURO

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

• One of the Ancients 

• Earth & universe are perfectly spherical

• Perfect concentric orbits around the Earth

• Earth is made up of 4 elements (water, earth, air, & fire)
  

Ptolemy (85-165 ish)

• One of the Ancients

• Geocentric theory (The sun and planets revolve around the earth)

Galen (129-216)

• One of the Ancients

• Body contains for humors (liquids of the body) 

  • Blood, Yellow bile, black bile and phlegm

• These fluids have to be balanced in order to be healthy 

• Blood is produced in the liver

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

• Heliocentric model 

• Earths rotation

• Foundation of Modern astronomy 

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

• Observation : Noticed a new star in the sky that was really bright

• Accurate astronomical observations

• Helio-Geocentric model

Johannes Kepler (1517-1630)

• Three major laws of planetary motion

• Mathematical model to accurately describe the planets orbit (supported Copernicus)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• Improved the telescope

• And used to to discover more accurate knowledge

  • Jupiters Moons

  • Phases of Venus

  • Lunar Surface has craters

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

• Laws of motion 

• Concept of gravity

• Discovery of Calculus and maths 

• Criticized by the Church

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

• Founder of modern scientific thinking

• Truth should be based of observations and experiment NOT logical arguments or ancient authorities (Empiricism)

• Inductive Reasoning

  • Specific observation → Patter Recognition → General Conclusion

Andreas Vesalius (1512-1664)

• Human autotomy (grave digger)

• Human Dissection 

• Better understanding of the human body and what was in it

• Corrected Galens initial ideas of the human structure 

William Harvey (1578-1657)

• Circulatory system → Blood is produced by the heart (challenging Galen’s theory of blood originating from the Liver)

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

• Boyle’s Law → Gas presser: volume

• All matter is made up of particles

Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• Used the microscope

• Microorganisms

  • bacteria

  • blood cells

• Contradicted the Gov and Church

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

• Scientific discoveries such as cells

• Hookes Law of Elasticity

• Improved microscope

• Contradicted the Bible

Marget Cavendish (1623-1673)

• Born in a wealthy family

• Excellent writer (Sci-Fic)

• Only female invited to the Royal Society

• Nature and freedom of reason

• Rejected Aristotelianism

Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)

• Father educated her

• married a Astronomer and worked as his assistance

• Advancements in astronomy (observations of aurora and comets)

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

• Deductive Reasoning

  • Existing theory → Formula hypothesis → Collect data → Analyze Data →Do/Don’t reject hypothesis

• I think - therefore I am 

• If there is a possibility for doubt it is false