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How do halogens typically react?
Halogens typically react by gaining an electron to form anions.
Who were the first to attempt to arrange the elements in a meaningful way?
Mendeleev and Meyer attempted to arrange the elements.
What did Mendeleev predict about the element that was missing under Si?
Mendeleev predicted its properties before Ge was discovered.
What is the modern periodic table based on?
The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number.
What is effective nuclear charge in a many-electron atom?
Effective nuclear charge is the charge an electron experiences, accounting for screening by inner electrons.
What happens to the effective nuclear charge as the number of screening electrons increases?
The effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) decreases as the number of screening electrons (S) increases.
How does the size of orbitals change with the principal quantum number?
The size of the orbitals increases as the principal quantum number increases.
What is the relationship between atomic size and the periodic table?
Atomic size increases down a group and decreases across a period.
What happens to atomic radius as we move down a group?
Atomic radius increases as we move down a group.
How do ion sizes compare to their parent atoms?
Cations are smaller than their parent atoms, and anions are larger.
What is the first ionization energy?
The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.
How do ionization energies generally trend across a period?
Ionization energies generally increase across a period.
What effect does nuclear charge have on ion size in isoelectronic series?
As nuclear charge increases in an isoelectronic series, ion size decreases.
What defines metals in terms of their chemical behavior?
Metals are characterized by being shiny, malleable, ductile, and forming cations.
What happens to metallic character across a period?
Metallic character decreases across a period.
What is the main characteristic of alkali metals' reactivity?
Alkali metals react by losing their single s electron.
What do alkaline earth metals lose to react?
Alkaline earth metals lose two s electrons to react.
What is unique about elemental hydrogen?
Hydrogen can gain an electron to form H- or lose its electron to become H+.
What are the two important forms of oxygen?
The two important forms of oxygen are O2 (dioxygen) and O3 (ozone).
How does the reactivity of halogens typically manifest?
Halogens typically react by gaining an electron to form anions.
What distinguishes noble gases from other elements?
Noble gases are monatomic and unreactive due to having filled s and p sub-shells.
Which noble gas compounds are known?
The known noble gas compounds include XeF2, XeF4, XeF6, KrF2, and HArF.
What occurs during the reaction between two alkali metals and water?
They react to form hydroxides and hydrogen gas.
How can nonmetals behave differently from metals?
Nonmetals can gain electrons when reacting with metals, forming salts.
What is the main characteristic of alkali metals' reactivity?
Alkali metals react by losing their single s electron.
