ap human

1. Agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land

2. Antinatalist policy

Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

3. Arable land

Land suitable for cultivation

4. Arithmetic (crude) density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

5. Carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

6. Child mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age

7. Crude birth rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

8. Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

9. Degenerative disease

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke

10. Demographic transition model (DTM)

How crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

11. Demography

The statistical study of population and its change

12. Dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

13. Developed (industrialized) country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

14. Developing (industrializing) country

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

15. Doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

16. Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

17. Elderly dependency ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

18. Epidemiological transition theory

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

19. Gender roles

Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman

20. High birth rate

A crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

21. Infant mortality rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

22. Infanticide

The practice of killing infants

23. Life expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth

24. Low birth rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

25. Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either “of or relating to Malthus’s theory” or “a follower of Malthus”

26. Median age

The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older

27. Neo-Malthusians

People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population

28. Overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply

29. Physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

30. Population clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth

31. Population composition

The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

32. Population density

The average number of people per unit of land area

33. Population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface

34. Population pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

35. Pronatalist policy

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

36. Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

37. Replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

38. Rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase (RNI)

39. Sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

40. Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

41. Youth dependency ratio

youth dependency ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

42. Zero population growth (ZPG)

zero population growth

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its rate of natural increase (RNI) is zero

43. Generations

Groups of people who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

44. Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1980 and who are now in their prime working years

45. Generation Y

People who were born between 1981 and 2000; often referred to as millennials

46. Generation Z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century