Untitled Flashcards Set

What does egoistic behavior in children typically illustrate?

Children acting based on self-interest, such as eating a cookie because they wanted it.

Define authoritative behavior in the context of parental guidance.

Obedience to the authority figure, such as a mother telling a child not to eat a cookie.

What is the core principle of patient-centered care when it comes to respecting patient authority?

When a patient refuses a treatment due to religious beliefs, healthcare providers should seek alternative care methods.

According to deontological ethics, as proposed by Kant, how should actions be judged?

Actions must be considered right or wrong regardless of the outcome.

What are Kant's two maxims regarding deontological ethics?

1. The action must always be okay. 2. Do not use people as means to an end.

What is the teleological ethical perspective primarily concerned with?

The greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Define classical utilitarianism/rule consequentialism.

Creating policies or rules that would lead to the most long-term benefit for the majority.

What is preference utilitarianism as proposed by R.M. Hare?

Actions are considered good if they maximize the satisfaction of individual preferences or desires.

What does negative consequentialism focus on?

Reducing suffering rather than maximizing happiness.

What does virtue ethics emphasize in healthcare according to Aristotle?

Achieving the best version of oneself and embodying healthcare virtues.

What does procedural justice refer to in ethical terms?

The proper application of rules to ensure fairness.

Define non-maleficence in healthcare ethics.

The principle of doing no harm to patients.

What is the principle of autonomy regarding patient care?

The right of individuals to make decisions about their own health care.

Explain the concept of natural law as discussed by Thomas Aquinas.

The idea that good actions must outweigh the bad actions in moral decision-making.

What is the significance of the principle of double effect?

It justifies an action that causes a serious harm as a side effect of promoting the good.

Describe the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning applies general premises to specific cases, while inductive reasoning draws general conclusions from specific observations.

What is the main concern of feminist ethics in ethical decision-making?

Challenging the role of power and including diverse perspectives.

What is the definition of racial antipathy?

General hostility or hatred towards other races.

What does structural racism represent in healthcare?

Inequalities in treatment that arise from the operations of organizations and institutions.

What is the focus of ethical relativism?

The belief that moral standards are not objective but relative to individual or cultural beliefs.

What does informed consent consist of?

It involves providing patients with knowledge about their condition and the potential outcomes of treatments.

What does the health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (HIPAA) regulate?

Protects medical information and gives rights to patients regarding their health records.

What does 'macroallocation' refer to in healthcare ethics?

The portion of society's resources allocated to healthcare.

What was the ethical issue in the stuttering experiment conducted at the University of Iowa?

The unethical treatment of orphans in the study led to harm by inducing stuttering.

Describe the principle of confidentiality in healthcare.

The obligation to keep a patient’s personal health information private.

Define surrogate in the context of assisted reproduction.

A woman who carries and gives birth to a child on behalf of another individual or couple.

What is the slippery slope argument regarding euthanasia?

The concern that allowing euthanasia or assisted suicide may lead to extreme or unintended consequences.

What does the term 'honorary' mean in the context of gender roles and expectations?

It refers to the expectations and norms placed upon individuals based on their gender.