Neuroscience 1 (copy)

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord.

superior colliculus

receives visual sensory input

Inferior colliculus

auditory reflexes

enteric nervous system

the nervous system of the digestive tract

temporal cortex

Brain region that processes information about sound and is involved in consciously remembering past events, and for facial recognition.

parietal cortex

Provides higher levels of sensory information, such as map of the external world, that is important for planning and carrying out movements; spatial reasoning and processing sensations

frontal cortex

The front part of the cortex of the brain. Divided left and right into the two frontal lobes, this part of the brain is associated with cognitive functioning such as planning, foresight, and understanding.

ventral tegmental area

stimulates amygdala for pleasure and reward center

olfactory bulb

the brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes

Hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Limbic System: Amygdala

controls emotion

Pons

sleep and arousal

Medulla

controls heartbeat and breathing

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Occipital cortex

Brain region that processes visual information.

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Sensation

the detection of environmental stimuli

Perception

awareness of what we sense

Functional pathway

Sensory receptors, thalamus, primary sensory cortex

Sensory receptor cells

sensation through transduction

Thalamus

relay that can modulate attention

Primary Sensory Cortex

perception

Primary Sensory Cortex

sends information on to “association cortex”

•Basis for cognition

Sound

pressure waves in the air

Sensory receptor cell for auditory system

Hair cells

Frequency

Intensity

Outer ear

Middle ear

Inner ear

Pinna

Auditory canal

Ossicles

Three bones in the ear: stapes malleus, incus

Tympanic membrane

Ear drum connected to ossicles

Oval window

Section of the cochlea that connects to ossicles or the stapes

Cochlea

Snail shell shaped part of the inner ear

Primary auditory cortex

Located in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum

Association cortices