cog psych final exam

what is analog coding of information

representation/imagery closely resembles actual physical object

what is propositional coding of information

abstract language-like representation. does not closely resemble physical object

is performance on a visual imagery better or worse when the response is visual based, and why?

performance is worse compared to if verbal response was required, because visiospatial sketchpad is overtaxed.

is performance on a verbal task better or worse when a verbal response is required? why?

worse compared to if a visual response was required, this is because the phonological loop is overtaxed.

when visual imagery is taking place, where is there brain activity?

visual cortex/occipital lobe

when auditory imagery is taking place, where is there brain activity?

auditory cortex/temporal lobe

what is a cognitive map

a mental representation of geographical information, including the environment that surrounds us.

what is the angles shape judgement error?

we tend to see angles as closer to 90 degrees.

whats the influence of number of intervening cities on distance judgement?

we estimate distances to be longer if there is more cities between beginning and end.

what is influence of category membership on distance judgement?

places of the same category seem to be closer than places of differing categories.

what is the rotation heuristic

figure or geographic structure that is tilted is remembered as being more verticsl or horizontal than it really is.

what is the alignment heuristic?

separate figures are remembered as being more lined up with each other than they really are.

what does the spatial framework model place to importance?

gravity and asymmetry for making judgements

what is the above-below dimension in the spatial framework model?

most prominent. gravity and asymmetry can aid judgements.

what is the front-back dimension in the spatial framework model?

second most prominent. asymmetry can aid judgements.

what is the right-left dimension in the spatial framework model?

least prominent. neither gravity nor asymmetry can aid judgement.

what is a concept?

a mental representation of a category

what is generalization?

recognizing features common to members of a category, and applying the category label to a new instance/ member

what is discrimination?

noticing differences between categories.

what is the main idea of the classic feature theory?

all members of a category have something specific in common

is the classic feature theory broadly accepted

no not anymore

what is a localist representation

single neuron firing

what is distributed representation

multiple neurons firing in a sequence.

what are the three characteristics of the classic features theory?

• all members have all of the features.

• the distinction between different categories is clear and logical.

• all members of a category are created equal.

what is the main idea of the prototype view?

members of a category differ in their prototypicality

what does prototypicality mean

degree to which something is representative of their category

what are the two characteristics of the prototype view?

• prototypes are often supplied as best examples of a category

  • categories have graded structure, beginning with most prototypical to least.

• family resemblance

  • no single attribute or feature is shared by ALL members, but each example has at least one feature in common with another member.

what is Rosch’s view of levels of categorization?

concepts exist at many different levels of a hierarchy

what are the 3 levels of categorization according to rosch?

superordinate, basic, and subordinate.

what is superordinate?

high level or more general

what is basic?

more specific but not as specific as you can get

what is subordinate

lower level or more specific

what is the main idea of the feature comparison model?

concepts are stored in memory according to a list of features or attributes

what is a defining feature?

essential to meaning of the category

what is a characteristic feature?

descriptive but not essential to the meaning of the category

what is the main idea of the hierarchical network model

each concept is represented by a single node, and they’re all connected and spread activation.

what is the main idea of the paralell distributed processing approach

each concept is represented by a distinct pattern of activation across a large set of cells.

what is mortons logogen model

each concept is represented by a single node, and the source of semantic priming is the spreading of activation from prime node ot related target node

what is massons PDP model

each concept represented by pattern of activation across large set of spelling and meaning nodes. the source of semantic priming is that related items have similar patterns of activation.

what is a schema

generalized knowledge about a situation, event, object, or person

what is a script

schema for an event in a specific order

is recall for script related events better if you mention script identifier at beginning or end?

beginning

if participants wait in an office room and then are brough tinto lab and asked what they saw if the office room, what will they say?

desk, chair (correct) but also say books which were not actually these but are consistent with schema for offices.

if we tell someone a story with a part that is inconsistent w the schema, like going to the movies and then falling down the aisle, will we remember the inconsistent part better or worse?

better

what is an example of boundary extensions

if we show someone a photo of a person but the photo is cut off at the knees, we will still comprehend the rest of the legs because our schema fills info in.

why does it cause an erp when we tell someone “ the nurse prepared for his shift”

due to gender stereotypes, the “he'“ goes against our schema, surprising our brain.

where in the brain does language light up in fmri?

left hemisphere predominantly

where in the brain does sign language light up in fmri?

left hemisphere predominantly

what is phonology

study of sounds of a language and how they are combined into words.

what is a phoneme

sound in a language

what is a morpheme

smallest meaning unit in language

what is syntax

how words are organized into sentences

what is semantics

study of meaning

what is descriptive grammar

studying, evaluating, and documenting different cultures language and language patterns

what is prescriptive grammar

trying to improve or fix linguistic performance

what is the main idea of chomskys view of language

language is a system of rules that is represented in the minds of speakers.

what is chomskys two types of sentence structures?

deep structure and surface structure

what is deep structure of a sentence?

underlying meaning

what is surface structure of a sentence

words actually written or spoken

what are the four factors that affect comprehension

negatives, passive voice, nested structures, and ambiguity.

how does negative sentences affect comprehension

slower response times to negative sentences

how does passive voice affect comprehension

slower plausibility judgement to passive voice sentence.

what are nested sentences

jumbled info, run on sentences.

how do ambiguous words affect comprehension

both meanings of the ambiguous word are activated in the brain, need to suppress/inhibit irrelevant meaning which takes time

what is left hemisphere responsible for in language? (4)

phonological processing, morphological processing, syntax, basic meaning.

what is right hemisphere responsible for in language? (3)

emotional tone, appreciating humour, interpreting metaphors.

what is brocas aphasia a deficit of and what does speech sound like with it?

deficit in expressive (production) language. speech is hesitant and laboured.

what is wernickes aphasia and what does speech sound like with it?

receptive (comprehension) language deficit, failure to understand. speech is wordy and confused.

what is fixation

period of time where eye is immobile

what is a saccade

eye jump to next fixation

what are the three differences in eye movements for better readers

larger saccade jumps, less regressive saccades, shorter fixations.

what is the direct access of meaning

straight from spelling/perception to meaning

what is the indirect access of meaning

spelling to sound to meaning

if we overwhelm our phonological loop, what meaning acess route will we take

indirect

what is the dual route hypothesis

we use oth direc tand indirect access.

what are Ehri’s three stages of learning to read?

logographic, alphabetic, and right word reading.

what is the logographic stage of learning to read?

visual cue reading instead of phonetic.

what is proof of the logographic stage of learning to read?

experiment, give preschoolers pepsi logo without the word pepsi, they say its pepsi. if you show them just the word pepsi, they dont know what it means.

what age is the logographic stage of learning to read

preschool

what is alphabetic stage of learning to read

begin to use letter-sound correspondence

what proof is there of the alphabetic stag eof learning to read

alphabetic learners better at phonetic cues and logographic learners better at visual cues.

what age is alphabetic learning

grade 1 and up

what is the sight word stage of learning to read

automatic connection of word to meaning, fluent.

what age is the sight word stage of reading

varied onset

what proof is there of the sight word learning stage

identification time is equal between numbers and letters.

what is the whole word method

link whole word directly with meaning

why is the whole word method useful

some spelling is irregular so this can help to skip spelling and go directly to meaning

what is the phonics method

sound it out method

why is the phonics method useful

helps phonetic awareness and indirect access

what roles does phonemic awareness have on learning to read? (3)

phoneme counting tasks, comparison tasks, and phoneme deletion tasks.

what is whole language method

using contextual guessing to learn meaning.

do children with developmental dyslexia have visual processing problems and see letters backwards?

no

what do children with developmental dyslexia have issues with

phonemic awareness and using indirect access route.

whats the point of an infant crying

elicits a caregiver response

what is cooing and at what age does it happen

vowel like sounds, at 2 months old

what are babies really doing when they coo?

parroting things they hear that are easy to replicate, like vowels.

what is babbling and when does it happen?

alternating consonants and vowels, age 6-8 months.

what are babies really doing when they are babbling?

parroting but in a more articulate way

what is intentional communication and when does it occur

designed to capture attention of other people, age 9-10 months

when is babys first word

around one year old