Biology Chapter 7

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cell"

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Looked at pond water and saw bacteria!

Cell

Basic unit of life

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells

cell theory

1. All living organisms are composed of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

scanning electron microscope

Microscopes that produces a 3D images.

Cell Membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and is the control center.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell. "Little Organs"

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Chromatin

A complex of DNA bound to proteins.

Nucleolus

Assembly of ribosomes begins.

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Vesicles

store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes and breaks materials down for the cell.

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Involved in the synthesis of proteins. Has ribosomes on its surface.

free ribosomes

Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm.

fixed ribosomes

attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids or fat and aids in the detoxification of drugs and alcohol.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Mitochondria

Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds the cell can use. Creates ATP.

cell wall

Only found in plant cells. Provides another layer of protection for the cell.

Hydrophilic

water loving

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic

Concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell.

Hypertonic

When the solution has a higher concentration of solute then the cell.

Hypotonic

The solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell.

osomotic pressure

The movement of water into or out of a cell produces this force.

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material