Mitosis vs. Meiosis, Heredity & DNA

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Flashcards for Cell Division, Heredity & DNA

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35 Terms

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What is Mitosis

Cell division that produces body (somatic) cells.

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What is Meiosis

Cell division that produces sex (gamete) cells - sperm/egg.

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Mitosis Use

Growth and repair.

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Meiosis Use

Reproduction.

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Mitosis Result

2 identical diploid cells (2n).

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Meiosis Result

4 unique haploid cells (n).

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Mitosis purpose

Maintenance for body cells.

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Meiosis purpose

Making eggs/sperm.

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Prophase

Chromosomes condense (visible & thick).

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Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle (single file).

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Anaphase

Sister chromatids pulled away to opposite sides.

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Telophase

New nuclei form. Cell starts to split.

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Cytokinesis

Cell fully splits into 2 identical diploid cells.

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Prophase I

Chromosomes pair with homologous partners and crossing over happens.

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Metaphase I

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle.

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Anaphase I

Entire chromosomes pulled apart (not chromatids yet).

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Telophase I + Cytokinesis

2 cells form.

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Prophase II

Chromosomes condense again (no crossing over).

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up single file.

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Anaphase II

Chromatids pulled apart.

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Telophase II + Cytokinesis

Total of 4 haploid cells created.

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Heredity

Traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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DNA

A nucleic acid made of a Sugar (deoxyribose) + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base in a Double helix shape that stores genetic instructions.

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RNA

A nucleic acid made of a Ribose + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base in a Single strand shape that helps make proteins.

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mRNA (Messenger RNA)

Copies DNA & takes it to ribosomes.

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rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

Makes up ribosomes (protein factories).

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tRNA (Transfer RNA)

Brings amino acids to ribosomes.

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Transcription

DNA → mRNA.

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Transcription

Happens in the nucleus; Enzyme: RNA Polymerase; DNA → mRNA strand (complementary bases).

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Translation

mRNA → Protein.

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Translation

Happens at ribosomes in the cytoplasm; mRNA read in codons (3 bases = 1 amino acid); tRNA brings matching amino acid using an anticodon; Amino acids link into a polypeptide chain → Protein!

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Gene

Section of DNA coding for a protein.

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Chromosome

Tightly wound DNA around proteins (histones).

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Structural genes

Code for proteins traits (eye color, enzymes).

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Regulatory genes

Control when/where/how other genes are used.