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Flashcards for Cell Division, Heredity & DNA
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What is Mitosis
Cell division that produces body (somatic) cells.
What is Meiosis
Cell division that produces sex (gamete) cells - sperm/egg.
Mitosis Use
Growth and repair.
Meiosis Use
Reproduction.
Mitosis Result
2 identical diploid cells (2n).
Meiosis Result
4 unique haploid cells (n).
Mitosis purpose
Maintenance for body cells.
Meiosis purpose
Making eggs/sperm.
Prophase
Chromosomes condense (visible & thick).
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle (single file).
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled away to opposite sides.
Telophase
New nuclei form. Cell starts to split.
Cytokinesis
Cell fully splits into 2 identical diploid cells.
Prophase I
Chromosomes pair with homologous partners and crossing over happens.
Metaphase I
Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle.
Anaphase I
Entire chromosomes pulled apart (not chromatids yet).
Telophase I + Cytokinesis
2 cells form.
Prophase II
Chromosomes condense again (no crossing over).
Metaphase II
Chromosomes line up single file.
Anaphase II
Chromatids pulled apart.
Telophase II + Cytokinesis
Total of 4 haploid cells created.
Heredity
Traits are passed from parents to offspring.
DNA
A nucleic acid made of a Sugar (deoxyribose) + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base in a Double helix shape that stores genetic instructions.
RNA
A nucleic acid made of a Ribose + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base in a Single strand shape that helps make proteins.
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
Copies DNA & takes it to ribosomes.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
Makes up ribosomes (protein factories).
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
Brings amino acids to ribosomes.
Transcription
DNA → mRNA.
Transcription
Happens in the nucleus; Enzyme: RNA Polymerase; DNA → mRNA strand (complementary bases).
Translation
mRNA → Protein.
Translation
Happens at ribosomes in the cytoplasm; mRNA read in codons (3 bases = 1 amino acid); tRNA brings matching amino acid using an anticodon; Amino acids link into a polypeptide chain → Protein!
Gene
Section of DNA coding for a protein.
Chromosome
Tightly wound DNA around proteins (histones).
Structural genes
Code for proteins traits (eye color, enzymes).
Regulatory genes
Control when/where/how other genes are used.