Week 3 Study Guide - Bones, and Evolution
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43 Terms
What is evolution?
Descent with modification; change in populations through time.
What specifically changes during evolution?
Allele frequencies in populations.
What is natural selection?
Non-random selection of traits that affects survival and reproduction.
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequencies caused by chance.
What is gene flow?
Movement of alleles between populations.
What is a mutation?
A change in DNA.
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A population where allele frequencies do not change.
What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?
Large population, random mating, no mutation, no selection, and no migration.
Who was Charles Darwin?
English naturalist who developed evolution by natural selection.
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Scientist who discovered basic patterns of genetic inheritance using pea plants.
Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?
Naturalist who independently developed natural selection.
What is the Evolutionary Synthesis?
Darwinian evolution combined with Mendelian genetics.
What is anterior/cranial?
Toward the front/head.
What is posterior/caudal?
Toward the back/tail.
What is dorsal?
Toward the back/top.
What is ventral?
Toward the belly/bottom.
What is medial?
Toward the middle.
What is lateral?
Away from the middle.
What is proximal?
Toward the base of a limb.
What is distal?
Toward the tip of a limb.
What is the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs and the pectoral/pelvic girdles.
What are the main forelimb bones?
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
What are the main hindlimb bones?
Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft/middle of a long bone.
What is an epiphysis?
An end of a long bone.
What is compact/cortical bone?
Dense outer bone.
What is cancellous/trabecular bone?
Porous internal bone.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram showing evolutionary relationships.
What is a node on a phylogenetic tree?
A common ancestor.
What is a branch?
An evolutionary lineage.
What are sister taxa?
Two groups that share a common ancestor.
What is a taxon?
A unit/group of biological diversity.
What is a clade?
A monophyletic group containing an ancestor and all descendants.
What is a monophyletic group?
An ancestor and all of its descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group?
An ancestor and some, but not all, descendants.
What is a polyphyletic group?
A group not based on a common ancestor.
What is morphology?
The form or structure of an organism.
What is homology?
A shared feature inherited from a common ancestor.
Why aren't all similar structures homologous?
Similarity can result from convergent evolution or evolutionary reversals.
What is Linnaean taxonomy?
A ranked classification system such as Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
What classification approach does this class use?
Phylogenetic systematics.
What does phylogenetic systematics base classification on?
Evolutionary relationships.