Constitutional Amendments That Will Definitely be on the 2023 AP Gov Exam

**First Amendment**

* Free Exercise & Establishment clauses


* Freedom of speech and press

**Second Amendment**

* The right to bear arms
* One of the individual liberties

**Fourth Amendment**

* Unlawful searches and seizures
* **What’s more important, public safety or individual rights?**

**Fifth Amendment** (pair with 6, as they’re the origin of Miranda Rights)

* protection from self-incrimination; defendants don’t have to testify if questioning is bound to be self-incriminating

**Sixth Amendment** (pair with 5, as they’re the origin of Miranda Rights)

* right to a speedy public trial
* right to a lawyer
* right to an impartial jury
* right to know charges and any evidence
* right to know the accusers’ identities

**Eighth Amendment**

* protects against cruel and unusual punishments
* implications for the death penalty

**Fourteenth Amendment** (THE BIG ONE)

* selective incorporation
* Civil rights:
* Equal Protection Clause: Laws must treat all individuals equally
* Due process Clause: No one can get their natural rights taken away without going through the proper fair procedures of law first

Expansion of Political Participation: **Fifteenth (15th) Amendment**

Black suffrage

Expansion of Political Participation: **Seventeenth (17th) Amendment**

direct election of Senators

Expansion of Political Participation: **Nineteenth (19th) Amendment**

Women’s suffrage

Expansion of Political Participation: **Twenty-second (22nd) Amendment**

President can only serve 2 terms or for 10 years

Expansion of Political Participation: **Twenty-fourth (24th) Amendment**

Abolition of poll taxes

Expansion of Political Participation: **Twenty-sixth (26th) Amendment**

Lowered voting minimum age to 18