chpt 8 terms

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, cell elongates

Anaphase I

homologous pairs and move to separate poles

Anaphase II

chromatids split at the centremore and migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite poles

asexual reproduction

the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent without the participation of generates (sperm/egg) offspring

autosomes

chromosomes not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism pairs 1-22

benign tumor

abnormal cells remain at the original sight

cell cycle

the ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into the cell

cell cycle control system

a complex network of proteins within a cell that regulates the progression of the cell cycle

cell division

the reproduction of a cell

cell plate

a structure that forms in the middle of a plant cell during cytokinesis, or cell division, to separate the two new daughter cells:

Centromere

The region of the chromosome to which the spindle fiber is attached during cell division

chemotherapy

the use of drugs to disrupt cell division

chromatin

fibers composed of roughly equal amount of DNA and protein molecules

chromosomes

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell

clone

genetically identical individuals

crossing over

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.

cytokinesis

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

diploid

containing two sets of chromosomes (pairs of homologous chromosomes) in each cell one cset inherited by each parent referring to a 2n cell

Down syndrome

a genetic condition where an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in developmental delays and distinct physical features

fertilization

the process where a male gamete (sperm) fuses with a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

gamete

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

haploid

a cell that contains a single set of chromosome

histones

A type of protein found in chromosomes.

homologous chromosome

a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic information, but are not identical:

interphase

the "daily living" or metabolic phase of the cell

Karyotope

a visual representation of an organism's chromosomes, including their number, size, and shape

life cycle

the developmental stages that occur during an organism's lifetime.

malignant tumor

abnormal cells spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body forming new tumors

Meosis

the basis of sexual reproduction

metaphase

a stage of cell division, either mitosis or meiosis, when chromosomes condense and align in the center of the cell:

metaphase I

a stage of meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of a cell, or along the equatorial plane:

metaphase II

the chromosomes align on the spindle with microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle attached to the kinetochores of sister chromatids.

metatesis

the spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

mitotic phase

the stage in a cell cycle where a cell actively divides its nucleus (mitosis) and cytoplasm (cytokinesis), resulting in the creation of two new daughter cells

nondisjunction

failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division

nucleosomes

the basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell's nucleus.

prophase

the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle

phosphase I

The first stage of meiosis, a specialized cell division that produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

phosphase II

a phase of meiosis II, a mitotic division of cells that occurs after meiosis I

radiation therapy

cancerous cells are harmed more then normal cells when exposed to high radiation

sex chromosomes

the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans

sexual reproduction

the process of creating new organisms by combining genetic information from two different individuals

sister chromatids

identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere, a constricted region of the chromosome.

telophase

the final stage of mitosis and meiosis in a eukaryotic cel

telophase I

a phase of meiosis that occurs when chromosomes gather at the poles of a cell, and the cell divides into two daughter cells

telophase II

The chromosomes gather at the 2 poles of the cell and the cell divides via cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells (1n 1c) from each of the two cells from meiosis I

trisomy 21

a genetic disorder that occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21 in each cell of their body

tumor

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should

a fertilized egg cell that contains the genetic information for a new individual organism