PSYC 408: Historical perspectives (1)

German, spirit of the times, changed, cause, Etiology, demons, exorcism, qualified, psychiatrists, psychologists, natal health, scientific method, scientific method

Zeitgeist: ___ (origin) word meaning ___ ___ ___ ___

• dominant form of psychotherapy has ___ over time

Contextual considerations

• What is believed to be the ___ of psychological problems (aka ___)? For instance, people used to believe these problems were caused by ___ so they used ___ to get rid of them

• Who is thought to be ___ to perform psychotherapy ? Used to be only ___, now ___ and ___ ___ practitioners

• Can we use the ___ ___ to understand human behaviour ?

• Can we study psychotherapy using the ___ ___ ? Or is it too complex?

19, troublesome, removed, society, recover, normal, prisoners, animal, pay, one penny, zoo

Early treatment traditions

• prior to the ___th century

• Individuals with mental illnesses were considered to be ___ and needed to be ___ from ___.

• There was no hope for them to ___ an to live a ___ life

• In hospitals, they were treated as ___

• The ___ tradition

• People could ___ (___ ___ [amount]) to see these people, view them. Like in a ___

19, moral, warm, trusting, participation, inhumane, society, castle, socialize, Jo’s,

___ th century: ___ treatment

• ___ and ___ familial environments in which patients could feel that their mental condition did not preclude ___ in normal human activities

• There was a realization that previous treatment was ___

• Relaxing environments in which people could contribute to ___ which improved their mental health

• Large ___ like structures

• People were able to ___ with others, there were gardens, some even had a ___, etc.

• Norma life but still inpatient

Psychoanalysis

Name the first formal psychotherapy

Sigmund Freud, neurologist, private psychotherapy, office, hysteria, dreams, G Stanley Hall, Anna O, hysteria, English, societies, journals, training, US

Psychoanalysis

• created by ___ ___

• He was trained as a ___

• He established the first ___ ___ practice (in an ___ not a hospital)

• Early works: ___(1895); Interpretation of ___ (1900)

• Invited by ___ ___ ___ to the US in 1908 (the way his work was publicized)

1. Discussed the case of ___ ___: thought to have ___, some psych problems

2. Work translated into ___

3. Professional ___, ___, and ___ institutes on psychoanalysis developed in the ___. Became a dominant practice

Did theory, consciousness, unconscious, preconscious, conscious, unconscious, personality, ID, superego, ego, psychosexual, development, oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, defense, repression, denial, techniques, free association, dream analysis, processes, transference, countertransference

Psychoanalysis

Freud’s major contributions:

• ___ ___: everything comes down to sex instincts and instincts to avoid death

• Levels of ___: 1. ___, 2. ___ and 3. ___. Psychoanalysis tries to get to the ___ level (ppl not aware of)

• ___ structure: the ___, ___ and ___ as a mediator

• ___ stages of ___: ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___

• ___ mechanisms: such as ___ and ___

• Therapy ___: not many used today but included ___ ___, ___ ___, etc.

• Therapy ___: these persisted, such as ___ (feelings ab the therapist are asked on past relationships wth parents); vs ___ (therapist develops feelings ab their clients)

G Stanley Hall, American psychological association, APA, Witmer, clinical psychology, psychological training clinic,

Other developments

• ___ ___ ___ (person, 1892): Established the ___ ___ ___ (___). Research dedicated, psychology as a science not practice

• Lightner ___ (1896): first to use the term ___ ___; first ___ ___ ___ at the University of Pennsylvania

• Clinic within a university, where training students first see their clients

Assessment, therapy, intelligence, Weschler, personality, WWII, shell shock, PTSD, additional, academic, practice

Other developments

• psychologists initially responsible for ___ not ___. For instance, ___ testing (___) and ___ testing

• ___ and “___ ___” (modern day ___) created a need for ___ psychotherapists

• ___ psycholgists became interested in ___ based issues.

Eysenck, effects, 19, psychoanalysis, eclectic, neurotic, depression, anxiety, psychoanalysis, eclectic psychotherapy, general practitioners, inverse, 2/3, controlled, alternatives

___ (person; personality psychologist)’s critique of psychotherapy

• The ___ of psychotherapy: an evaluation (1952)

• Examined ___ studies: ___ vs ___ psychotherapy (mix of things, less intense version of psychoanalysis)

• ___ patients: equivalent to today’s ___ or ___

• Recovery (defined by practitioners, not standardized):

• 44% from ___

• 64% from ___

• 72% from ___ ___ (not treatment for neurosis)

• There was an ___ correlation between psychotherapy received and recovery

• ___ (amount) recovered even if psychotherapy or not

Consequences

• inspired ___ research studies of psychotherapy

• Inspired development of ___ to psychoanalysis, which might be harmful

Carl Rogers, therapeutic, technique, techniques, person, problems, genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard, self actualizing, enter, research

Client/person centered therapy

• ___ ___ (person)

• Book: client-centered therapy (1951)

• ___ process over ___: process + relation between client and practitioner rather than ___

• Focus on ___ rather than ___

• Three core therapist qualities necessary: ___, ___ and ___ ___ ___

• Mobilize ___ ___ tendency. Everyone has the ability to get ___

• First to conduct ___ on psychotherapy process and outcome: relationships between 2 ppl and how it relates to outcomes

Observable, objective, cognitive representations, interpretations, internal, functionally

Three waves of behaviour therap

1. First wave

• focus on ___ behaviour and ___ environment

2. Second wave;

• focus on ___ ___ of the environment. Not just objective but ___ too

3. Third wave

• focus on how ___ processes are ___ related to the objective environment

British, experience, tabula rasa, learning, shape, teach, classical conditioning, Thorndike, satisfying

Behaviour therapy: Origins

1. ___ empiricism

• knowledge comes from ___. We ont have preexisting knowledge

• ___ ___ = blank state

2. ___ theory: we can ___/___ people

• Pavlov and ___ ___

• ___ (person) and the Law of Effect. Cat and puzzle boxes. More likely to produce a behavior when it has ___ consequences

Watson, genes, behaviour, experience, environment, little Albert,

Behaviourism UPLOAD IMAGE

• John B. ___

• Psychology as the behaviourist views it (1913)

• Famous quote: […]

• There are no ___ involved, just ___, ___ and the ___. Shape behaviour

• ___ ___ experiment → white rat fear generalized to all furry objects

Jones, peter, deconditioning, phobia, anxiety, mowrer, mowrer, bell, pad, skinner, operant conditioning, social, Wolpe, desensitization

Behaviour therapy

• Mary Cover ___ (1924): watson’s graduate student. Little ___ and ___. Precursor to treatment of ___ and ___

• ___ and ___ (ppl; 1938): ___ and ___ method for treating enuresis

• ___ (1953): applied ___ ___ to increase ___ behavior in patients with psychosis (flat affect)

• Joseph ___ (1959): systematic ___: deeply relaxed state then presented with feared objects: can’t be both relaxed and fearful at the same time. Anxiety and phobia

Bandera, bobo doll, social learning, stimulus, reinforcement, cognitive, modelling, observation, reinforcement, beck, cognitive, cognitive representations, biased

Cognitive therapy: Origins

• Albert ___ (the ___ ___ experiment): ___ ___ theory

Behavior is influenced by ___ events, ___ AND ___ processes.

Learning through ___ (aka ___) suggests direct ____ is unnecessary

• Aaron ___: ___ theory

People respond to ___ ___ of the environemnt that are not always accurate and objective

___ information processingg. This impacts how we feel, think and behave

Mediational, cognition, stimulus, response, stimulus, organism, response

Cognitive therapy

• ___ approach: Mahoney (1974(

• In order for things to generalize to different situtions, you need ___

• This resembles that so scared of both

From ___ → ___

TO ___ → ___ (interpret + make sense of things) → ___

Ellis, irrational, illogical, logic, persuasion, errors, rational, ABCDE, researcher, beck, cognitions

Cognitive therapy

• Albert ___: Rational emotive behaviour therapy

• Focused on beliefs as ___ and ___

• Used ___ and ___ to help patients see thinking ___ and adopt more ___ philosophies

• Developed the ___ model

• Clinician and supervisor, not a ___ (private practice), so did not make its way into becoming super popular

• Came at the same time as ___ (person), dissatisfied with psychoanalysis. Idea that ___ are important

CBT, activating, adversity, belief, interpretations, consequences, disputations, irrational, effective

Cognitive therapy, the ABCDE model

• still used in curent ___

A. ___ event or ___

B. ___ about the event or adversity → very crucial step, maladaptive ___

C. The emotional ___

Therapy:

D. ___ to challenge ___ beliefs

E. ___ new beliefs replace the irratonal ones

Psychiatrist, unlovable, inadequate, inaccurate, irrational, disconfirmation, behavioural, accuracy, challenge, convince, randomized controlled trials, medication, manuals

Cognitive therapy

Aaron Beck

• academic ___ at U of Penn

• Depression due to beliefs of being ___ and ___. Generalized beliefs

• Focus on beliefs as ___, but not necessarily ___. Make else but not true all the time

• Use empirical ___ (e.g.: ___ experiments) to test the ____ of beliefs. Don’t ___ and try to ___ ppl: help them see it for themselves

• Conducted ___ ___ ___ on cognitive therapy (first to do so), compared it to ___

• Developed treatment ___ for research and practice

• Therapy as effective as meds

Medication, psychotherapy, beck depression inventory, BDI,

Cognitive therapy: research

• first evidence that psychotherapy at least as effective as ___

• Both conditions go better, but ____ seemed to be even better in the long term

• Used scores on the ___ ___ ___ (___). The lower th score the better

UPLOAD IMAGE

CBT, emotions, cognitions, behaviours, change, objective reality, distance, valued, reduction, impairment, acceptance, commitment, mindfulness based, dialectical

Third wave behaviour therapy

• distinct from traditional ___ in emphasis on learnign to accept ___, ___ and ___ rathe than trying to ___

• Thoughts do not correspond to ___ ___ — ___ oneself rather than engage with thoughts

• Focus on ___ living vs symptom ___. Lower the ___ from symptoms rather than symptoms themselves

Examples:

• ___ and ___ therapy

• ___ ___ cognitive therapy

• ___ behaviour therapy