9- Rogers (copy)

Client-centered therapy

Carl Rogers is the founder of -

farmer

Rogers had intended to become a

China

Rogers was deeply involved with religious activities on

campus and spent 6 months traveling to - to attend a student religious conference.

The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child

the publication of which led to a teaching offer from

Ohio State University

nondirective

During the early years, his approach was known as “-,”

an unfortunate term that remained associated with his name for far too long.

client-centered

in reference to Rogers’ therapy

person-centered therapy

refer to Rogerian personality theory.

Formative tendency

believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic

and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. For the entire universe,

a creative process, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation

Actualizing tendency

tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion

or fulfillment of potentials

Actualizing tendency

is the only

motive people possess.

Maintenance

expressed in people’s

desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept

Enhancement

This need to become more, to develop, and to

achieve growth

Actualization tendency

refers to organismic experiences of the individual; that is, it refers to the whole

person—conscious and unconscious, physiological and cognitive.

Self-actualization

tendency to actualize the self as perceived in

awareness.

Self-concept

includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences

that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the

individual

Ideal self

defined as one’s view of self as

one wishes to be.

Icongruence

A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates

Awareness

“the symbolic representation

(not necessarily in

verbal symbols) of some

portion of our experience”

1. Ignored or denied

2. Accurately symbolized

3. Distorted form

Levels of awareness

Positive regard

the person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another

person, a need that Rogers (1959) referred to as

Positive self-regard

defined as the experience

of prizing or valuing one’s self

Conditions of worth

they perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept

them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval

External evaluations

These evaluations, whether positive or negative, do not foster psychological health

but, rather, prevent us from being completely open to our own experiences

Incongruence

the - between our self-concept and our organismic

experience is the source of psychological disorders

Anxiety

state of uneasiness

or tension whose cause is unknown

Threat

an awareness that our self is no longer

whole or congruent

Defensiveness

protection of

the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences

inconsistent with it

Distortion

we misinterpret

an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept

Denial

we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least we keep

some aspect of it from reaching symbolization.

Congruence

exists when a person’s organismic experiences are matched by an

awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings

Unconditional personal regard

experiencing a warm, positive and accepting attitude toward what is the

client

Empathy

means temporarily living in the other’s

life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments

Stage 1

characterized by an unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself. People at this stage ordinarily do not seek help, but if for some reason they come to therapy, they are extremely rigid and resistant to change. They do not recognize any problems and refuse to own any personal feelings or emotions.

Stage 2

clients become slightly less rigid. They discuss external events

and other people, but they still disown or fail to recognize their own feelings.

However, they may talk about personal feelings as if such feelings were objective

phenomena.

Stage 3

they more freely talk about self, although still

as an object. “I’m doing the best I can at work, but my boss still doesn’t like me.”

Clients talk about feelings and emotions in the past or future tense and avoid pres-

ent feelings. They refuse to accept their emotions, keep personal feelings at a

distance from the here-and-now situation, only vaguely perceive that they can make

personal choices, and deny individual responsibility for most of their decisions.

Stage 4

begin to talk of deep feelings but not ones presently felt.

“I was really burned up when my teacher accused me of cheating.” When clients

do express present feelings, they are usually surprised by this expression. They

deny or distort experiences, although they may have some dim recognition that

they are capable of feeling emotions in the present. They begin to question some

values that have been introjected from others, and they start to see the incongru-

ence between their perceived self and their organismic experience. They accept

more freedom and responsibility than they did in Stage 3 and begin to tentatively

allow themselves to become involved in a relationship with the therapist.

Stage 5

they have begun to undergo significant

change and growth. They can express feelings in the present, although they have

not yet accurately symbolized those feelings. They are beginning to rely on an

internal locus of evaluation for their feelings and to make fresh and new discover-

ies about themselves. They also experience a greater differentiation of feelings and

develop more appreciation for nuances among them. In addition, they begin to

make their own decisions and to accept responsibility for their choices.

Stage 6

experience dramatic growth and an irreversible movement

toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing. They freely allow into aware-

ness those experiences that they had previously denied or distorted. They become

more congruent and are able to match their present experiences with awareness and

with open expression. They no longer evaluate their own behavior from an external

viewpoint but rely on their organismic self as the criterion for evaluating experiences.

Stage 6

An interesting concomitant to this stage is a physiological loosening. These

people experience their whole organismic self, as their muscles relax, tears flow,

circulation improves, and physical symptoms disappear.

Stage 7

Clients who reach - become fully functioning

­ “persons of tomorrow”. They are able to generalize their in-therapy experiences to

their world beyond therapy. They possess the confidence to be themselves at all

times, to own and to feel deeply the totality of their experiences, and to live those

experiences in the present. Their organismic self, now unified with the self-­ concept,

becomes the locus for evaluating their experiences

Fully functioning person

Rogers first name for those of healthy personality

Person of Tomorrow

name for psychologically healthy person

Existential living

tendency to live in the moment

Chicago Studies

investigate both the process and

the outcomes of client-centered therapy

Q-sort

To measure change from the client’s point of view, the researchers relied on

the - technique developed by William Stephenson of the University of Chicago

Q sort

technique begins with a universe of 100 self-referent

statements printed on 3-by-5 cards, which participants are requested to sort into nine

piles from “most like me” to “least like me.”

Therapy group

received at least six therapeutic interviews, and each session was

electronically recorded and transcribed, a procedure Rogers had pioneered as early

as 1938

Wait group

were required to wait

before receiving therapy in order to determine if motivation to change rather than

the therapy itself might cause people to get better.

No-wait group

received therapy immediately