BIOLOGYNOTES

Aquaporins

________- Integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane.

Enantiomers

________- Isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Polysaccharides

________ are sugar polymers consisting of many sugars building blocks.

Acids

________- Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution.

Buffers

________- Substances that minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.

Atoms

________ are composed of three types of "LARGE "subatomic particles.

OPO32

When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy (POLAR)- (________)-

Hydrophobic

________ substance- One that does not have an affinity for water.

Phospholipids

________ in a plasma membrane can move within the bilayer.

Glycerol

________ is a three- carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.

Hydrocarbons

________ are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

Cohesion

________- Chemical attraction between particles of the SAME substance.

NEGATIVELY

________ charged electrons of an atom are attracted to the POSITIVELY charged nucleus.

Elements

________ with a full valance shell are chemically inert (nonreactive)

Monomers

________- A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Adhesion

________- Chemical attraction between DIFFERENT particles.

Radiation

________ from decaying radioisotopes can damage or kill cells.

Phagocytosis

________- A cell engulfs a particle, or even another cell, by forming a food vacuole.

Neutrons

________ AND protons form the atomic nucleus of an atom.

Hydrophilic

________ substance- One that has an affinity for water.

Cytoplasm

________ is bound only by a plasma membrane.

Polypeptide

________- A substance that contains MANY amino acids.

fatty acid

The two ________ tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a polar (hydrophilic) head.

Matter

________- Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Denaturation

________- The breaking of many of the weak bonds.

Methyl group

________- affects the expression of genes.

Nonpolar

________- Valence electrons shared equally by bonded atoms (H2)

Energy

________ is released when an electron moves to a LOWER ________ shell (shell closer to the nucleus)

Receptor

________- mediated endocytosis- Binding of ligands to ________ triggers vesicle formation.

chemical behavior of an atom

The ________ is determined primarily by its valance electrons.

Pinocytosis

________- Molecules dissolved in the extracellular environment of a cell are taken up when extracellular fluid is engulfed into tiny vesicles.

Isotopes

________ are utilized in Biology by being used as tracers within a living organism to trace what is going on inside the organism at an atomic level.

Ionic

________- Bonds resulting from loss and gain of electrons by bonded atoms (NaCI), strong, BUTweaker than covalent bonds.

Proteins

________ are large organic polymers made of amino acid monomers arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds.

lipid bilayer

The ________ is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

Compound

________- Substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

ionic compound

When a(n) ________ (NaCI) is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell.

Hydrogen

________- Weak bond formed between a(n) ________ atom in a polar compound and an electronegative atom in another polar compound.

uptake of carbon

A reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period, caused primarily by ________ dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphereAE.

phospholipid consists

A(n) ________ of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.

Ligand

________- Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

Electrons

________ occupy a space around the nucleus referred to as an ELECTRON CLOUD.

Peptide

________- A molecule that contains TWO or MORE amino acids.

Passive Transport

________- Does not require energy for the movement of molecules.

Triglycerides

________ are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

Hydroxyl group

________- polar due to electronegative oxygen.

H+

Bases- Any substance that decreases the ________ concentration of a solution.

cholesterol

Although ________ is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

Isomers

________ are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

hormone estradiol

The sex ________ and testosterone produce the contrasting features of female and male animals.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Compound

Substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

ELEMENT

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

TRACE ELEMENT

Elements required by an organism only in minute quantities

PROTONS

Positive charge

NEUTRONS

NO electrical charge

ELECTRONS

Negative charge

ATOMIC NUMBER

An elements atomic number is THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS in its nucleus

ATOMIC MASS

An elements atomic mass is the SUM OF PROTONS PLUS NEUTRONS in the nucleus

ISOTOPES

Atoms with the SAME number of protons, but DIFFERENT number of neutrons

Stable isotopes

DO NOT LOOSE PARTICLES / DO NOT GIVE OFF PARTICLES

Unstable isotopes

NUCLEUS DELAYS SPONTANEOUSLY GIIVNG OFF PARTICLES AND ENERGY

1st shell

max of two electrons

2nd shell

max of eight electrons

3rd shell

max of eight electrons

Valance electrons

Those in the OUTER electron shell, which is referred to as the VALENCE SHELL

1st shell

max of two electrons

2nd shell

max of eight electrons

3rd shell

max of eight electrons

- Covalent bonds

Strong bonds resulting from the SHARING OF VALENCE ELECTRONS by atoms

- Nonpolar

Valence electrons shared equally by bonded atoms (H2)

- Polar

Valance electrons not shared equally by bonded atoms (H2O)

- Ionic

Bonds resulting from loss and gain of electrons by bonded atoms (NaCI), strong, BUTweaker than covalent bonds

- Hydrogen

Weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom in a polar compound and an electronegative atom in another polar compound

-Oxygen

partial negative charge

-Hydrogens

partial positive charges

- Cohesion

Chemical attraction between particles of the SAME substance

- Adhesion

Chemical attraction between DIFFERENT particles

- Water has HIGH specific heat

It can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only slight change in its own temperature

- Example of a solution

SALT WATER

- Solvent

Water

- Solute

Sodium Chloride (NaCI)

- Solution

Salt water

- Hydrophilic substance

One that has an affinity for water

- Hydrophobic substance

One that does not have an affinity for water

Acids

Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

Bases

Any substance that decreases the H+ concentration of a solution

- The pH scale (0-14) is a measure the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution**

**

Structural isomers

Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Cis-trans isomers

Have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

- Hydroxyl group

polar due to electronegative oxygen

- Carbonyl group

sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with acetone are called aldoses (POLAR) (C = O)

- Carboxyl group

acts as an acid (POLAR) (-COOH)

- Animo group

acts as a base (POLAR) (-NH2)

- Sulfhydryl group

SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure (POLAR) (-SH)

- Phosphate group

contributes negative charge

- Methyl group

affects the expression of genes

Polymers

Long molecule consisting of monomers