Off the wakeup

porifera

pores (ostium

spicules of calcium carbonate skeleton

spicules of calcium carbonate skeleton/

porifera

spongin fibers

sponge of porifera

sponge skeleton of phylum porifera

hydra

tentacle

cnidaria

what is it

what phylum

what a

what b

flatworm

platyhelminate

eyespot

pharynx

phylum Platyhelminthes

suckers

rostellum with hooks

gravid proglottid

obelia

cnidaria

what is it

phylum

a

b

obelia medusa

cnidaria

gonads

mouth (manubrim)

annelida
parapodia

parapodium

polychaeta worm of phylum annelida

setae

identify and define function

anterior retractor muscle=pulls body forward

muscular foot=movement

gills=gas exchange

right mantle=secrete shell material

maybe pericardial sac

maybe

aortic arche

seminal vesicles

crop

gizzard

maybe

vagina

uterus

intestine

uterus

clitellum

chiton

mollusca

Annelida

Hirudinea

echinodermata

madreporite

maybe

digestive glands

gonads

radial canal

arthropoda

horseshoe crab

book gills

arthropoda

dorsal blood vessel

ovary

gastric cecum

spermatheca

echinodermata

brittle star

arthropoda

cephalothorax

abdomen

thorax

abcd

digestive gland

heart

stomach

blood vessel in gill

heart

heart

trilobite

sand dollar

echinodermata

uterus

intestine

What are invertebrates?

animals that lack backbones

Sponges are in the phylum _____

porifera

Mesohyl, gel like middle layer between sponge’s outer and inner cell layers

epidermis, outer layer cell of sponge that covers and protects body

pores (ostia)

small openings that allow water to enter sponge

spongocoel

large central cavity inside sponge that receives water moving in from pores

choanocytes (collar cells)

flagellated feeding cells that line inner cavity and create water currents while trapping food

beating of choanocyte flagellum pulls water and food

amoebocytes

mobile cells in mesohyl that digest and distribute nutrients

what are spicules

tiny skeletal support structures in sponges. They help the sponge keep its shape and protect it from predators.

three main types of skeletons of sponges

calcium carbonate spicules

silica spicules

spongin fiber

choanocytes function

use their flagella beat to pull water through the sponge

use their collars to trap food particles

amoebocytes function

mobile cells in mesohyl that digest food, carry nutrients to other cells

can produce skeletal parts like spicules or spongin

spongocoel function

central cavity of sponge

water enters through pores - moves into spongocoel - exits osculum

Which type of cell produces the skeletal material?

amoebocytes

What do sponges eat?

sponges-filter feeders

they eat tiny suspended particles such as bacteria plankton organic particles

Sponges do not have a digestive system. How do they digest food?

intracellular digestion

water carrying tiny food particles (plankton, organic stuff, bacteria) is pushed in choanocytes and gets trapped then ingested by phagocytosis, then digested inside food vacuoles within cells

Most sponges are hermaphrodites. What does this mean?

one sponge has both male and female

Do sponges have nerve net

no

what is a nerve net

simple network of interconnected nerve cells spread throughout body allowing animal to sense stimuli and coordinate basic responses without brain or central control

An evolutionary jump is seen in the eumetazoans. Except for sponges, all animals are eumetazoans, meaning they have _________

true tissues

what are eumetazones

animals that have true tissue

An early clade from the eumetazoans is the phylum Cnidaria, which are characterized by a relatively simple, ____, _____ body plan.

diploblastic

radial

polyp vs medusa

polyp=stationary, upright form, vase shaped

medusa=mobile, tentacles hang downward

what / example

polyp, one cnidarian body form

mouth/tentacles point upward

examp-hydra

what / example

medusa, one cnidarian body form

bell shaped free swimming

examp-jellyfish

mouth / anus

cnidarians only have one opening that takes in food and expels waste

tentacle

flexible structures around the mouth used to

capture prey,

move food toward the mouth,

defend animal,

sense environment

gastrovascular cavity

central cavity where digestion occurs

since cnidarians lack complete digestive tract/circulatory, cavity distributes and digests

gastrodermis

inner tissue layer that lines gastrovascular cavity aiding in digestion and absorption

mesoglea

jelly like layer between epidermis and gastrodermis

helps with support, flexibility, buoyancy

epidermis
outer tissue layer that protects body and contains cells involved in sensation, contraction, and defenes

body stalk

elongated main part of body below tentacles functioning in support for animal and help anchorage to surface

What are nematocysts, and how do they help a cnidarian obtain its food?

tiny stinging capsules inside cnidarian cells called cnidocytes that discharge a thread often with barbs or toxin that stuns or paralyzes prey, allowing tentacles to pull prey to mouth

What is the “skeleton” of a cnidarian?

hydrostatic skeleton, fluid in gastrovascular cavity that helps support the body

Although corals are relatively simple animals, their ecological importance to oceans is enormous.

As your text states, “Coral reefs are to tropical seas what rain forest are to tropical land areas.” What

factors are placing coral reefs in danger?

climate change stresses corals, causing them to expel symbiotic algae that live in their tissue

How does hydra reproduce?

budding,

How does the shape of the flatworm body enhance the exchange of

oxygen and carbon dioxide?

thin and flat structure=dorsoventrally flattened

gives high surface area to volume ratio, allowing oxy to diffuse in and carbon out

three groups of flatworms

planarians

flukes (trematodes)

tapeworms

tapeworms, parasitic or free living? Features to note?

parasitic

scolex (head) has suckers that hooks onto host

flukes (trematodes) parasitic or free living? Features to note?

parasitic

leaf shaped body

incomplete digestive system

planarians parasitic or free living? Features to note?

free living

have auricles = ear like flaps that help with chemoreception

more developed nervous system

which is the first group with bilateral symmetry and sense organs concentrated at anterior end

planarians

what? define?

gastrovascular cavity, internal digestive chamber where food is broken down and distributed

branches allow spread of nutrients

what? define?

pharynx, muscular feeding tube that extends through mouth

functions in releasing digestive enzymes onto food, then sucks food into body

what ? define?

mouth, single opening used to take in food and remove undigested waste

what? define?

eyespots, simple light detecting organs that do not form detailed images but provide a sense of light or dark

what ? define?

ganglia, clusters of nerve cells at front end of animal that act as a simple brain processing sensroy information and coordinating responses

What? Define?

ventral nerve cords, two long nerve cords that run along underside of body, carrying signal to connect to ganglia

where is the mouth located on a planarian? Why is it considered a two way

ventral (underside)

same opening used to eat is used for waste disposal

why do tapeworms have no digestive system? frame answer in terms of surface area and habitat

tapeworms are very thin, allowing them to absorb nutrients across its tegument easily

tapeworms live inside host intestine, food is already digested

how many pieces make up shell of

gastropoda

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

1

2

0 or 1

How do leeches manage to feed?

attaches to host

cuts skin

use saliva as an anti coagulant to improve blood flow

sucks

how are leeches used in medicine

when tissue has poor blood drainage, leeches are used to remove blood that wouldn’t leave

What important ecological role do earthworms play?

decomposition=breakdown of dead plant material

nutrient cycling = return nutrients to soil in forms plants can use

aeration=allows air to move into soil from digging burrows

what is the group that Trchinella belongs to

nematodes

Why are arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) considered the most successful of all animal

phyla

diverse

multiple habitats

exoskeleton protects

jointed appendages/ segmentation allow for unique specialization

If you were to invite all the arthropods on Earth home for dinner, about how many guests

should you prepare for?

around a mil

Arthropods have an exoskeleton. What molecule is it made of

chitin, a tough polysaccharide

How does an arthropod grow, given the fact that it has an exoskeleton?

molting

since exoskeleton is rigid and cant stretch, arthropod separates from exoskeleton and grows a new soft exoskeleton underneath

arthropod takes in air or water to expand its body

new exoskeleton hardens

Describe the open circulatory system of arthropods. (Note that most molluscs have a

similar type of circulatory system

Arthropods have an open circulatory system = blood like fluid (hemolymph) isnt confined to blood vessels

Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph from vessel to open spaces called HEMOCOEL

organs are bathed directly in hemoplymph

Exchange of materials like nutrients and wastes happens directly between hemolymph and tissues
The hemolymph flows back toward the heart and reenters through openings called ostia

How is respiration different in aquatic versus terrestrial arthropods?

aquatic = uses gills

terrestial = uses tracheal systems or book lungs