A level Chemistry - Bonding

What is ionic bonding?

Is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice formed by electron transfer.

What is the formula of a sulfate ion?

SO₄²-

Wha is the formula for a Hydroxide ion?

OH¯

What is the formula of a nitrate ion?

NO3-

What is the formula of a carbonate ion?

CO3

What is the formula of an ammonium ion?

NH₄⁺

Where does ionic bonding occur?

Between a metal and a non-metal

What structure do ionic crystals have?

Giant ionic lattice

When are ionic bonds stronger and their melting points higher?

When the ions are smaller and/or have higher charges

What is a covalent bond?

A shared pair of electrons in order to complete their outer shells between at least two non metals.

What is a dative/coordinate covalent
bond?

Forms when both of the electrons in the shared pair are supplied from a single atom (lone pair).

Examples of dative covalent bonding?

NH4+
H3O+
NH3
BF3

How is a dative covalent bond indicated?

Using an arrow from the lone electron pair.

How does a dative covalent bond act?

It acts as a standard covalent bond as it reacts in exactly the same way.

What is metallic bonding?

Is the electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons arranged in a lattice>

What factors affect the strength of metallic bonding?

1. Number of protons (more protons stronger the bond)
2. Number of delocalised electrons per atom (more e- stronger the bond)
3. Size of ion ( smaller the ion stronger the bond)

What are the physical properties of a substance?

Boiling point, Melting point, Conductivity and solubility.

What are the 4 crystal structures?

Ionic
Metallic
Simple molecular
Macromolecular

What is the B.P and M.P of an ionic
crystal like?

High melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces in lattice which require a lot of energy to overcome.

What is ionic crystals solubility in water like?

Generally good

What is ionic crystals conductivity like?

In solids, poor as ions cannot move. When molten good ions can move

Give examples of ionic crystals?

Sodium chloride
Magnesium oxide