OINTMENTS (PPT)

Ointments

“ungere”; aoint with oil

Semi-solid prep for external use

Easily spread; plastic viscosity controlled by modification of the formulation

Emollient; protective barrier or vehicles

Drug Ingr.; dissolved, emulsified & suspended in this

Oleaginous Bases

Hydrocarbon Bases

Anhydrous & Insoluble in water; cannot absorb or contain water; non-water washable; greasy base

Emollient & Occlusive

Form; liquid, semi-solid or solid

Sources; animal or vegetable

Moisturizing effect

Petrolatum, Synthetic esters, Lanolin derivatives

Absorption Bases

Anhydrous, Water insoluble, non-water washable, can absorb water, greasy

Emollient & Occlusive

Base for Antibiotics

Permit inclusion of water-soluble medicament through prior soln. and uptake of the soln. as the internal phase

Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin) & Hydrophilic Petrolatum

Water in Oil Emulsion

Water-insoluble, non water washable, can absorb water because of aqueous INTERNAL phase

Greasy Base

Hydrous Wool Fat (Lanolin) & Cold Cream

Oil in Water Emulsion

Water insoluble, water washable, can absorb water in their aqueous EXTERNAL phase

Non-greasy, non-occlusive, diluted with water

Vanishing Cream.

Water-Soluble Bases

Anhydrous or may contain some water; water washable & absorb water to the point of solubility

PEG ointment

Propylene glycol & Propylene glycol-ethanol; used as derma vehicle for ointment prep

Mechanical Incorporation & Fusion Method

Method of Preparation

Assay

The quantity of drug present in unit weight or volume of ointment is determined by Spectrophotometric Method & Microbial Assay

Impurities

Arising from degration of drug substance & during the manuf process of drug product should be assessed & controlled

Petrolatum

Oil insoluble ingr.

Occlusive film on skin

Absorb less than 5% water

Do NOT become rancid

Wax can be incorporated to stiffen the base

Synthetic Esters

Constituents of oleaginous bases

Glyceryl monostearate, Isopropyl myristate, Isopropyl Palmitate, Butyl Stearate & Butyl Palmitate

Long chain alcohols(cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, PEG)

Lanolin Derivatives

Topical & Cosmetic Preps

Lanolin Oil & Hydrogenated lanolin

Wool Fat

Anhydorus Lanolin

High % alcohol, Esters & Alcohol contain fatty acids

Absorbs twice its weight in water & melts 36-42 deg

Hydrous Wool Fat

Lanolin

W/O emulsion; 25% water

Acts; emollient & occlusive fim on skin, prevent epidermal water loss

Cold Cream

W/O emulsion; melting white wax, spremaceti, almond oil; adding hot soln; sodium borate- stirring until cool

Mineral Oil than Almond Oil; for stable cold cream

Almond Oil- better emollient base

Should be freshly prepared

Hydrophilic Ointment

O/W emulsion; sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifying agent

Absorb; 30-50% w/w

Miscible with water & removed from skin easily

Vanishing Cream

O/W Emulsion

Large % of water & Humectant (glycerin, propylene glycol) retard moisture loss

Excess stearic acid; help form a thin film when water evaporates

PEG Ointment

Blend w/ water soluble polyethylene glycols- form semisolid base

Solubilize water soluble & insoluble drugs

PEG 3350 40% + PEG 400 60%

Fusion Method

Small amount of liquid (<5%); withouth loss of viscosity. Stiffer increasing amount of PEG 3350 to 60%

6-25% aq. soln. to be incorporated, 5g of 40g PEG 3350 replaced with equal amount of stearyl alcohol

Propylene Glycol & Propylene Glycol-Ethanol

Clear gel mixed with 2% hydroxypropyl cellulose

Popular dematologic vehicle

Creams

Semi-solid prep contains one or more medicinal agents; W/O or O/W emulsion

Cold Cream & Vanishing Cream

Physicians; prefer cream to ointments-easier to spread & remove

Gels

Semi-solid; dispersion of small or large molecules in aqueous liquid vehicle; jellylike ++ of gelling agent

Known as Jellies

Single Phase gels & 2 Phase System

Thixotropic Property

Pastes

Semi-solid prep; application to the skin

Mechanical Incorporation & Fusion Method

Not suitable for hairy parts of body

Zinc oxide paste(lasssar’s plain zinc paste)

Plasters

Solid or Semi-solid adhesive masses spread on backing of paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic

Adhesive; Rubber Base or Synthetic Resin

Applied to skin- Prolonged contact on site

Non Medicated Plasters

Protection & Mechanical Support (Adhesive Plaster)

Medicated Plasters

Provide effects at the site of application

Salicylic acid plaster, Chili phaster

Glycerogelatins

Plastic Masses

Gelatin 15% + Glycerin 40% + Water 35%+ Med subs. 10% (zinc oxide)

Softening gelatin in water(steam bath)+ medicinal subs. with glycerin- cool with stirring untol congealed

Skin; long term

Zinc Gelatin Boot (Varicose ulcers)

Startch Glycerite-protectant

Cataplasm

Poultice

Natural product, heated first with oil (ex.coconut oil) before apply to skin

Gumamela poultice for boils (pigsa)

Dressings

External Application; resemble ointment but covering & protection only

Petrolatum gauze USP

Topical Dermatologic Products

Jars/Tubes for opthalmic. nasal, vaginal, rectal

Tubes

Aluminum or Plastic

Plastic Tubes

High or low density polyethylene (HDPE/LDPE), polyethylene terephthaltae (PET)

Jars or Tubes

Opthalmic, Nasal, Vaginal, Rectal Semisolid (Tubes)

Ointment Jars

Aluminum or Plastic