Anatomy and Physiology Test 1

Anatomy

The science of body structures and the relationships among them.

Dissection

Anatomy first studied as this - the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relation ships

Physiology

the science of body functions - how the body parts workDevelop

Developmental Biology

The growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

Embrology

The first eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology

Cell Biology

Cellular structure and functions

Histology

Microscopic structure of tissues

Gross Anatomy

Sturctures that can be examined without a microscope

Systemic Anatomy

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system

Regional Anatomy

Specific regions of the body such as the chest or head

Surface Anatomy

Surface Markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through vizualization and palpation.

Imaging anatomy

Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scansand other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.

Clinical Anatomy

The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Pathological Anatomy

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

Molecular Physiology

Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

Neurophysiology

Functional properties of nerve cells

Endocrinology

Hormones (chemical regulators in the body) and how the control body functions

Cardiovascular Physiology

Functions of the hear and blood vessels

Immunology

The body’s defenses against disease causing agents

Respiratory Physiology

Functions of the air passageways and lungs

Renal Physiology

Functions of the kidney

Exercise Physiology

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

Pathophysiology

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

Chemical Level of Organizitation

Very basic level, can be compared to the letters of the alphabet, includes atoms and molcules

Atoms

the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

Molecules

two or more atoms joined together

Cellular Level of Organization

Molecules combine to form cells

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

Tissues

Group of cells that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences. Four types - Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Organ level of Organization

different types of tissues joined together, similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs

Organs

Structure that are composed of two or more different types of tissues - have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

System

Consists of related organs with a common function, for example the digestive system.

organism

Any living individual, can be compared to a book in relation to paragraphs.

Integumentary System

Components: skin, hair, fingernails, sweat glands, and oil glands

Function: Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth and cold; stores fat to provide insulation.

Skeletal System

Components: Bones and joints of the body + associated cartilages

Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachment; aids body movements; houses ce

Muscular System

Components: Skeletal muscle tissue

Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; and si the major source of heat production

Nervous System

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs such as eyes and ears

Function: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body’s activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Endocrine System

Components: Hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland , parathyroid glands, suprarenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)and hormone producing cells in several other organs

Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers are transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ.

Cardiovascular System

Components: Blood, heart, blood vessels

Functions: Hear pumps though the blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

Lymphoid System and Immunity

Components: Lymphatic Fluid (lymph plasma) and lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)

Functions: Returns proteins and fluids to blood: carries lipids from gastrointestinal tractto blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes

Respiratory System

Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx(throat), larynx(voicebox), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading in and out of the lungs.

Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing in and out of lungs through vocal chords and produces sounds.

Digestive System

Cpmponents: Organs of the digestive canal (gi tract) a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine and anus. Accessory organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

Urinary System

Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Functions: Produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

Genital (reprductive) Systems

Components: Gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands in females - epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, penis in males

Functions: Gonad produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk

Inspection

observing the body for any changes that deviate from normal

Palpation

Feeling body surface with hands

Auscultation

Listening to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify sounds

Percussion

Tapping on body surfaces that results in a sound (hollow organs make a different sound then solid organs)