Health and social care Unit 1

Growth

An increase in some part of an individual that can be measured eg height and weight

development

The complex changes including increase in skills abilities and capabilities

4 principles of growth

Growth rates are not constant
Different parts of the body grow at different rates
Growth rates vary between children
Boys grow faster than girls

Age range of birth and infancy life stage

0-2 years

Age range of early childhood life stage

3-8 years

age range of adolescence

9-18 years

Age range of Early adulthood ?

19-45 years old

Age range of middle adulthood

45-65 years old

Age range of later adulthood

65+

What gross motor skills can a new born do

Primitive reflexes

What gross motor skills can a 1 month old do

Lifts up chin, some control of head

What fine motor skills can a 6 month old do

Move objects from one hand to another
Picks up dropped toys if they're in sight

What gross motor skills can a 15 month old do

Walk without help

What gross motor skills can a 2 year old do

Kick a ball

What fine motor skills can a 2-3 year old do

Build a tower of bricks

What gross motor skills can a 2-3 year old do

Stand on toes, can ride a tricycle

What are skills and abilities

Gross and fine motor skills
Thinking and language skills
Social roles and expectations

What are gross motor skills?

Using the larger muscles eg legs and arms

What are fine motor skills?

Precise use of muscles eg hands and fingers

What is adolescence?

Life stage where the body develops into being an adult, the stage where puberty occurs

What is puberty?

The change in growth and development triggered by hormones in the pituitary gland

What are hormones?

Chemical signals in the blood

What are primary sexual characteristics ?

Sexual characteristics present at birth but develop during puberty eg penis

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Things that develop during puberty eg Pubic hair

What does oestrogen and progesterone do?

Stimulates growth of: growth spurt, breasts, reproductive system, helps regulate the menstral cycle

What does testosterone do?

Stimulates the growth of: grown spurt, penis and testes, pubic hair growth , development of muscle, lowering of voice

What age does puberty usually start in BOYS?

Between 13-15 years old

What age does puberty usually start in GIRLS?

11-13 years but can be earlier

female primary sex characteristics

Uterus enlargers and vagina lengthens
Ovaries begin to release eggs
Menstrual cycle begins

male primary sex characteristics

Enlargement of penis and testes
Spontaneous erections
Testicles begin to produce sperm
Beginning Of ejaculations

female secondary sex characteristics

Breasts develop,
hair grows in armpits and pubic area
Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen

male secondary sex characteristics

Changes in larynx causes voice to deepen
Hair grows on face, armpits and pubic area
Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat

What is maturation?

Individuals reach their physical maturity in early adulthood

What age do people reach their physical peak

19-28 years

What is menopause?

The ending of female fertility, periods stopping and reduction in the production of female sexual hormones

What is perimenopause?

stage immediately before menopause where physical changes begin to occur

What are some symptoms of perimenopause

Hot flushes
Night sweats
Vaginal dryness
Sleep disturbance
Mood symptoms

What is the ageing process

The natural deterioration of the body

What are some physical changes in the elderly?

Less elasticity in skin
Loss of muscles
Loss of stamina
Decline in strength

What is middle aged spread?

The common issue of putting on weight as you age as people are less active

What is intellectual development?

Developing ways of thinking and learning

What are cognitive skills?

Refers to the development of the ability to think of reason

What are the 5 aspects of intellectual development?

Language development
Problem solving
Memory
Moral development
Abstract thoughts and creative thinking

How does intellectual and cognitive ability change in infancy and childhood

Stages of rapid development
90% of brain cell connection are in place by 5 years old

How does intellectual and cognitive ability change in adolescence and early adulthood

Development of logical thoughts, problem solving and memory skills
Make judgements based on logical and realistic thinking

How does intellectual and cognitive ability change in middle adulthood?

Thinks through experience
Makes sound judgements based on past experiences

How does intellectual and cognitive ability change in late adulthood

Changes in the brain cause short term memory decline
Slower thought processes and reaction times

What is holophrasing?

Where one word may be used for more than one thing

What is monosyllabic babbling?

Repetition if single syllables with no meaning eg ba baba

What is polysyllabic babbling?

Long strings of different syllables

What is telegraphic speech?

When sentence are used without linking words eg me want drink

What are schemas?

A pattern of learning which links actions and behaviour and is used to make sense of the world

What did piaget believe?

Children pass through distinct developmental stages in sequence and children should be able to discover the world through spontaneous play

What are the 4 development stages in piagets theory?

Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete-operational, formal operational

What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?

0-2 years, child knows world through senses, gradually develop sense of object permanence

What occurs in the preoperational stage?

Words and symbols represent objects, understanding of " bad" words, thinking is one dimensional, 2-7 years

What occurs in the concrete operational stage?

7 to 11 years, use practical resources to help the, understand the world eg counters for maths, classify, categories and use logic to understand what they see

What occurs in the formal operational stage?

11 to 18 years, young people have the capacity for abstract, rational thought and problem solving.

What are the 4 stages of schematic development?

Assimilation, equilibrium, disequilibrium, accommodation.

What happens in the assimilation stage of schematic development?

The child constructs an understanding of concept (schema)

What happens in the equilibrium stage of schematic development?

The child's experience fits their schema

What happens in the disequilibrium stage of schematic development?

A new experience disturbs the child's schema.

What happens in the accommodation stage of schematic development?

The child's schema changes to take account of the new experience

What is the conservation experiment?

Same amount of water in two identical beakers, one is poured into a longer taller beaker, the child thinks there's more water in the taller beaker

What does the conservation experiment show?

Children under 7 years old can't conserve because they can't think about more than one aspect of a situation

What is egocentrism?

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

What experiment proved the theory of egocentrism

Mountain experiment

What are some criticisms of piaget?

He underestimated the rate of children's development, he only used a small group of children and no sen children were tested

What does LAD stand for?

language acquisition device

What does Chomsky say a LAD is?

Ability to learn language is genetically programmed into the brain

What does the LAD theory mean?

Children are preprogrammed to acquire language (evolves like standing or walking)
The theory relates to all languages as they all have nouns and verbs etc
Children are 'hardwired' to acquire grammar
All children regardless of intellectual ability become fluent in their native language within 5-6 years

When is the critical period for language development?

The first fear years of life

name evidence in favour of LAD

children learning to speak never make grammatical errors
If adults deliberately say a sentence grammatically wrong children notice
Children say ungrammatical things eg mama ball which could be learnt passively

Name evidence against LAD

Theory is hard to prove as isolation of an individual is unethical
Lack of scientific studies

What activities can help develop language acquisition in children?

Singing nursery rhymes
Bedtime stories
Role-play

What real life case proves Chomsky's theory

Genie the feral child in the us, she started learning language at 13 but couldn't grasp grammar, she was not stimulated, so her brain was a lot smaller, she had no capacity for language

What are emotional attachments?

A bond between a child and primary care giver

What is emotional literacy?

The ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions, essential for forming social relationships

What is emotional empathy?

Ability to understand or identify with another's situation or feeling

What is self-esteem?

how you feel about yourself

What is self-concept?

How we see and feel about ourselves, seeing ourselves as an individual

What are the benefits of attachment?

For good emotional development, secure attachment is necessary to be able to cope with life events as an adult

How can a lack of attachment affect a person?

Reduces their ability to cope with life's stresses and major life events

Why is secure attachment important for children?

Helps form relationships and a sense of identity and belonging.

Who developed the theories of attachment?

John bowlby, Mary ainsworth

What did Bowlby investigate relating to attachment?

Infants form attachments because they're biologically programmed to do so
Babies have attachments
Infants display social releases eg smiling and crying

What was the experiment ainswortn conducted?

Stranger situation experiment

What is deprivation?

Not having the necessary materials to lead a basic life

What is privation?

A lack of emotional care, especially during the first few years of life, such that no attachment to a caregiver is formed.

What is seperation anxiety?

Nervousness when a parental figure leaves

What are the different types of attachment?

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

What are some reasons for poor attachment?

Prematurity, post-natal depression, foster care/adoption,

What is solo play.

Where infants play independently, allowing them to explore their environment at their own pace, allowing the, to to learn by their own mistakes increasing their self esteem

What years do solo play occur?

0-1 year then at 12-18 months notices other children and plays with adults

What is parallel play?

Playing alongside others, don't really share or take turns, engrossed in their own worlds and activities

What age range does parallel play occur ?

18 months-2 years

What is associative play?

Children develop a wider social network and form relationships with peers and other adults
More co operative within play
By the age of 7 most children have a number of important friendships and may refer to another child as their best friend

What age does co operative play occur?

4-6 years

What are some physical changes as a result of ageing ?

Body functions begin to decline
May experience hearing loss in higher frequency
May become far-sighted
Joints may becom stiffer

What is cardiovascular disease?

All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.