hhd unit 3 aos 1

health and wellbeing

the state of an individual's physical, social, mental, spiritual and emotional health and wellbeing characterised by an equilibrium in which an individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

who definition of health + wellbeing

health is the complete state of physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

subjective

something may have a different meaning to other people, due to experiences or beliefs and values

dynamic

constant state of change, slow or fast

illness

a subjective concept that relates to personal experiences and relates to the negative aspects of health and wellbeing

disease

a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

biological factors

factors that relate to the body and its functions which can impact our health

burden of disease

a measure of the impact of diseases or injuries. measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. measured with YLL, YLD and DALY

disability adjusted life years (DALY)

a measure of the burden of disease where one DALY = one year of health life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

emotional health and wellbeing

refers to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. it is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions and the ability to display resilience

environmental factors

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spend in poor health. the amount of healthy years a person can expect to experience, based on current rates of ill health and mortality

health status

an individuals or populations overall health, taking into account aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

incidence

the number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specific time

infant mortality

the death of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

life expectancy

indication of how long a person can expect to live based on their current age if death rates do not change

maternal mortality

death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within 6 weeks of delivery. expressed per 100,000 women giving birth

mental health and wellbeing

the current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information

morbidity

refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

mortality

death, particularly at a population level

optimal health and wellbeing

experiencing high levels of one or more of the dimensions of health and wellbeing

physical health and wellbeing

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems and it includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks or activities

population groups

sections of a community with similar features or characteristics which allow generalisations to be made about them

prevelance

the number or proportion of cases of a disease present in a population at a particular time

self assessed health status

a measure based on a persons own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general. commonly sourced through population surveys

social health and wellbeing

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapts appropriately to different social situations

sociocultural factors

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

spiritual health and wellbeing

is not material in nature, but relates to the ideas, believes, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings, and includes concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value and reflection on your place in the world

trend

a pattern present in data

under 5 mortality rate

the number of deaths in children under 5 years per 1000 live births

years of life lost due to illness, injury or disability (YLD)

a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability

years of life lost to premature death (YLL)

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

optimal physical health and wellbeing

healthy body weight

well functioning body, systems and organs

optimal blood pressure

appropriate levels of fitness

ability to perform daily tasks

optimal levels of energy

absence of disease, illness and injury

optimal social health and wellbeing

supportive network of friends

supportive and well-functioning family

ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

effective communications w others

productive relationships with other people

optimal emotional health and wellbeing

recognise and understand emotional actions and reactions

high levels of resilience

express and manage emotional actions and reactions

experience appropriate emotions in given scenarios

optimal mental health and wellbeing

low levels of stress and anxiety

optimal self esteem

ability to think and process information

high levels of confidence

use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions

positive thought patterns

optimal spiritual health and wellbeing

sense of belonging + connection to the world

positive meaning, place and purpose in life

peace and hope

developed personal values and beliefs

acting in accordance to values and beliefs

benefits of health and wellbeing for INDIVIDUALS

improved quality of life, work more efficently, increased ability to participate in health promoting activities such as sleeping well, maintaining a nutritious diet, exercising, increased leisure time, earn an income, get an education

benefits of health and wellbeing as a resource NATIONALLY

longer, healthier lives

health system savings

fewer people rely on social security

increased productivity

higher average incomes

reduced stress and anxiety in the community

increased social participation

benefits of health and wellbeing as a resource GLOBALLY

reduced risk of disease transmission between countries

assists in promoting peace and stability

promotes economic development

promotes social development

promotes sustainability

factors contributing to health outcomes

environmental, biological, sociocultural

biological factors

factors relating to the body and its functions which can impact our health

examples of biological factors

body weight, blood pressure, birth weight, glucose regulation, cholesterol levels, genetics (sex + hormones)

blood pressure (biological factors)

high bp - heart disease, stroke, kidney disease

causes: smoking, poor diet, lack of physical activity and high levels of stress

body weight (biological factors)

contribute to type 2 diabetes, cvd, cancer etc

cholesterol levels (biological factors)

LDL - bad, HDL - good

LDL can build up on walls of blood vessels, providing less room for blood to travel therefore increasing risk of heart attack or stroke

glucose regulation (biological factors)

impaired glucose regulation is when the cells become resistant to the action of insulin and are unable to take up glucose effectively, leading to a rise in blood glucose levels and increasing risk of type 2 diabetes

sociocultural factors

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

examples of sociocultural factors

social expectations and attitudes, employment status, access to culturally appropriate healthcare, social isolation, ses (income, education, occupation), cultural traditions, social networks

socioeconomic status (sociocultural factors)

refers to a persons position in society relative to other people and is made up of 3 components (income, education + occupation)

employment status (sociocultural factors)

whether or not a person has a job

factors influencing: location, level of education, experience

unemployed = less likely to have a secure source of income and more likely to partake in risky behaviours for ones health (eg smoking and drugs/alcohol)

access to culturally appropriate healthcare (sociocultural factors)

many cultural and language barriers that can influence whether or not certain people are able to access healthcare thats appropriate to meet their needs

social isolation (sociocultural factors)

refers to a lack of contact with other people.

factors: ill health, disability, geographic location and age

environmental factors

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

examples of environmental factors

work environment (uv exposure, working conditions, exposure to hazardous chemicals), quality of air and water, infrastructure (such as road quality), community safety, housing environment (sleeping conditions, overcrowding, ventilation and hygiene), access to physical resources within a community (transportation, health services, recreation facilities)

work environment (environmental factors)

injuries from a work environment, exposure to UV radiation, hazardous chemicals

housing environment (environmental factors)

quality of ventilation and hygiene, sleeping conditions like overcrowding and noise levels, overcrowding in general

overcrowding - increased spread of pathogens contribute to transmission of infectious diseases

access to physical resources within a community (environmental factors)

resources - parks, pools, health services, transportation etc

living further away from these resources may mean ppl have to make the choice about whether or not they can attend or engage in activities that are going to promote their health and wellbeing, and this choice may be influenced by factors such as available time and cost

infrastructure (environmental factors)

quality of infrastructure can impact how safely people in a society can utilise and rely on these structures and facilities

difference in maintenance between urban and rural areas can lead to differences in health outcomes

smoking and vaping

involve inhaling substances

smoking - burning something + inhaling resultant smoke

vaping - using an element to turn a liquid into a vapour thats then inhaled

conditions associated with smoking and vaping

cardiovascular disease, cancers such as lung and stomach, infectious disease, asthma and respiratory conditions

cardiovascular disease from smoking and vaping

chemicals cause atherosclerosis (thickening and hardening of arteries), increases risk of stroke and heart attack

chemicals also make blood thicker and stickier, increases risk of blood clots = heart attack and stroke

cancer from smoking and vaping

smoking can cause cells in the body to be damaged resulting in DNA mutations, cause uncontrolled cell growth and tumours that can result in cancer. happen all over the body

asthma and respiratory conditions from smoking and vaping

developing foetus or child exposed to smoke increase risk of developing asthma

smoke can damage airways and air sacs in the lungs causing respiratory conditions such as copd

conditions associated with alcohol consumption

overweight + obesity (and associated conditions: cvd and type 2 diabetes), injuries, cancers such as mouth, stomach and bowel, liver disease, mental ill health

overweight and obesity from alcohol consumption

alcohol = energy dense

consumption of large quantities of alcohol = increase kilojule intake contributing to weight gain and obesity

injuries from alcohol consumption

ppl feel more relaxed + confident when drinking leading to more risk taking behaviours causing injuries

cancers from alcohol consumption

chemicals associated with the breakdown of alcohol in the body are believed to damage DNA and contribute to the development of cancer

liver disease from alcohol consumption

excessive alcohol consumption causes liver to become inflamed and scarred leading to dysfunction and liver disease

mental ill health from alcohol consumption

alcohol is a depressant = disrupt balance of chemical messengers in the brain, alcohol use is associated with mental ill health such as self harm and suicide

health conditions associated with overweight and obesity

type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, osteoarthritis, mental health issues, cancer, cardiovascular disease

type 2 diabetes from overweight and obesity

adipose tissue build up around pancreas affecting its function and lead to type 2 diabetes

fat cells thought to release chemical that contributes to insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes

kidney disease from overweight/obesity

being overweight can cause the kidneys to work harder to filter more waste than it normally would, over an extended period of time this can contribute to kidney disease

cancer from overweight/obesity

fat cells can release chemicals into the body that can cause an increase in cell division, increase risk of cell devision being abnormal and increasing the risk of cancer developing

cvd from overweight/obesity

being overweight places extra strain on the heart to pump blood around the body increasing risk of heart attack

also increases cholesterol levels which contribute to blocked arteries and a stroke

conditions associated with underconsumption of fruit and vegetables

cardiovascular disease, overweight and obesity, cancer, neural tube defects

cvd from underconsumption of fruit + veg

f+v high in fibre helping remove LDL cholesterol from body, lack of f+v causes increased risk of atherosclerosis and CVD

overweight and obesity from underconsumption of f+v

f+v high in fibre, contribute to feelings of fullness after eating. lack of f+v consumption can cause an overconsumption of energy dense foods which can contribute to weight gain causing overweight and obesity

cancer from underconsumption of f+v

f+v high fibre = regular bowel movements = reduced risk of colorectal cancer

reduced consumption of f+v = irregular bowel movements = constipation = increase risk of colorectal cancer

neural tube defects from underconsumption of f+v

f+v contain folate, folate contributes to development of brain and spinal cord during prenatal development, thus a lack of fruit and vegetables during pregnancy can increase the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida in a developing foetus

conditions associated with underconsumption of dairy foods

osteoporosis, dental caries, cvd, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer

osteoporosis from underconsumption of dairy foods

dairy foods contain high amounts of calcium, calcium contributes to the bone matrix and strengthening of bones therefore lack of dairy + calcium can lead to bones becoming weak and porous = development of osteoporosis

dental caries from underconsumption of dairy foods

calcium contributes to enamel on teeth. lack of dairy and calcium can lead to reduced amounts of enamel on teeth increasing risk of tooth decay and dental caries forming

conditions associated with a high intake of fat

overweight and obesity, cvd, type 2 diabetes

overweight and obesity from high intake of fat

fat is energy dense, high consumption leads to weight gain which can cause individual to become overweight or obese

type 2 diabetes from high intake of fat

fat cells accumulate around insulin impairing its functioning, fat cells secrete chemicals thought to contribute to insulin resistance therefore causing type 2 diabetes

cvd from high intake of fat

overweight/obesity cause high strain on heart to pump blood = increased risk of heart attack

causes high amount of LDL cholesterol contributing to development of atherosclerosis increasing chance of heart attack or stroke

conditions associated with a high intake of salt

cvd, osteoporosis, high blood pressure

high blood pressure (hypertension) from high intake of salt

high amounts of sodium in the body can cause water to be drawn out of the cells and into the bloodstream, increases blood volume and cause heart to work harder increasing blood pressure

osteoporosis from high salt intake

high salt intake can cause calcium to be drawn out of the bones = weaker bone matrix and increased risk of osteoporosis

cvd from high salt intake

as it causes high blood pressure, increases force on blood vessel walls can cause them to burst which can contribute to a heart attack or stroke

conditions associated with a high intake of sugar

overweight and obesity, dental caries

dental caries from high intake of sugar

sugar acts as food source for bacteria living in the mouth. bacteria produce acid once they consume sugar which can lead to tooth enamel breaking down resulting in dental caries

conditions associated with a low fibre intake

overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, cvd

colorectal cancer from low fibre intake

when fibre is digested it adds bulk to faeces, helping move digested matter through the colon, reducing the likelihood that abnormal cells will develop. low fibre = abnormal cells may build up causing colorectal cancer

cvd from low fibre intake

fibre can attach to and help remove LDL cholesterol from body. low fibre = higher LDL levels = atherosclerosis and cvd developing