CMGT chapter 14-18

What is the initial stage of a steel building frame's design process?

A rough sketch on a drafting board.

What do structural drawings for a steel frame typically show?

Accurate column locations and member shapes.

Who is responsible for designing connections in a steel frame to transmit loads?

Fabricator.

What is the primary job of the fabricator in steel construction?

Delivering ready-to-assemble steel components.

What is the purpose of full-size templates in steel fabrication?

To assist in laying out connections on actual steel pieces.

What is the significance of cambering in steel fabrication?

Ensuring members deflect into a straight line under load.

What is the primary responsibility of the erector in steel construction?

Assembling steel components on-site.

Which tool is commonly used to mark bolt hole locations on steel plates?

Punching machine makes the hole the right answer is template

Which type(s) of crane(s) is often used to lift the steel components during erection?

Mobile crane or Tower crane (on larger projects).

What is the purpose of base plates in steel column connections?

To distribute concentrated loads across the foundation.

What is the name of the tier that is assembled first during steel frame erection?

First tier.

How are connections tightened and welded in a steel frame during erection?

Hand wrenches followed by impact wrenches.

What is the primary structural action of rigid steel frames?

Compression and bending.

What is the primary function of the cambium layer in a tree trunk?

Creation of new wood and bark cells.

What differentiates heartwood from sapwood in a tree trunk?

Heartwood is darker in color and no longer participates in life processes.

What determines the appearance and physical properties of wood parallel to and perpendicular to grain?

Direction of the long axes of wood cells.

What contributes to the alternating patterns of springwood and summerwood in tree growth rings?

Seasonal variations in growth conditions.

What are the two main components that make up the structure of wood cells?

Cellulose and lignin.

Why does wood in temperate climates have distinct growth rings?

Due to the varying growth rates in different seasons.

Which part of a tree is typically the first to be made up of weak wood cells?

Pith.

What type of trees do softwoods come from?

Coniferous trees.

Which type of leaves do most softwoods have during colder winter months?

Needlelike leaves.

Which part of the tree provides long-distance transport of sap within the tree?

Tracheids.

Which type of wood is generally less dense and softer?

Softwood.

What type of cells make up the majority of a hardwood's microstructure?

Rays.

What is the primary reason softwoods are used for building structural frames?

Plentiful and inexpensive.

Which type of lumber is known for its fine, attractive patterns?

Hardwood lumber.

What is the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood?

The final moisture condition in equilibrium with its surroundings.

What percentage of moisture content does exterior wood in North America average?

12%.

What is the purpose of surfacing lumber in building construction?

To make it smooth and more dimensionally precise.

Which type of shrinkage is negligible for practical purposes?

Longitudinal shrinkage.

What term describes radial cracks in wood caused by drying stresses?

Checks.

What type of lumber defect is caused by sawing too close to the perimeter of the log?

Wane.

Which type of wood member varies in size seasonally due to changes in temperature and humidity?

All of the other answers are correct (Boards, Timbers, Dimension lumber).

What is the actual size of a 2x4?

1 1/2 inches by 3 1/2 inches.

Which organization's Grading Rules govern the production of hardwood lumber in North America?

National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA).

Which part of the tree contains cone-bearing leaves?

Softwoods.

Which type of wood is generally used for furniture, cabinetry, and fine woodwork?

Hardwood.

What is the primary purpose of quarter sawing lumber?

To produce dimensionally stable and visually pleasing grain patterns.

What is the moisture content of growing wood before a tree is cut?

Varies from about 30% to 200% or more.

What is lumber grading used for?

To assess the appearance or structural properties of lumber.

Which type of grading is used to rank the visual qualities of lumber?

Appearance grading.

What is the main purpose of structural grading in lumber?

To rate the strength and stiffness properties of lumber.

Which machine grading process assesses stiffness, density, or other properties of wood?

Machine stress rated (MSR), machine evaluated lumber (MEL), and E-rated lumber.

Which lumber species group may include California red fir, grand fir, and Western hemlock?

Hem–Fir.

Which direction provides the highest tensile strength in wood?

Parallel to the grain.

Among brick masonry, steel, concrete, and wood, which materials have useful tensile strength?

Wood and steel.

Which is the primary factor that influences the usable strength of wood?

Temperature and moisture conditions and Wood species.

What is the purpose of preservative-treated wood?

To make wood resistant to biological organisms.

What are waterborne salts often used for in wood preservation?

To create fire-retardant properties.

Which wood species part is naturally resistant to decay and insects?

Heartwood.

What is the main use of fire-retardant-treated wood?

To reduce wood's combustibility.

What is the primary advantage of using collated nails in nail guns?

They are quickly loaded into the nail gun.

Which method of nailing is primarily used for holding framing members in alignment?

End nailing.

What is the primary advantage of using machine-driven nails over hand-driven nails?

They offer increased productivity.

What type of fasteners are commonly used to attach sheathing paper and insulation?

Staples.

What is the purpose of using T-shaped pins or U-shaped staples in nail guns?

To fasten various materials together.

What type of staple is used for attaching wood flooring and cabinet components?

Pin Nails.

What is the primary concern when using machine-driven nails for structural components?

Their load capacity and type.

Which of the following materials is NOT mentioned as being used for wood preservation?

Asphalt.

What is the primary advantage of screws over nails in woodworking?

Greater holding power and adjustability.

What type of screws can be installed without pre-drilled pilot holes?

Self-drilling screws.

Which type of wood fastener is driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver?

Lag screws.

What type of wood fastener is used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing?

Bolts.

What is the purpose of washers used with bolts?

Distribute clamping force and reduce wood crushing.

What type of connector is used in timber frames to increase load-carrying capacity in joints?

Split-ring connector.

Which wood fastener has a cross-sectional shape that is oval and parallel to the grain of the timber?

Timber rivets.

What type of wood adhesive forms bonds that are as strong as the connected members?

Structural adhesive.

Why are wood adhesives used less on construction sites compared to fabrication shops?

They are challenging to clamp and control during curing.

What is the primary advantage of veneer over solid lumber?

Reduced shrinking, swelling, checking, and splitting.

What is the common sheet dimension of wood panels used in building applications?

4 × 8 feet.

Which type of wood panel is typically used as a base material for wood veneer and plastic laminate?

Particleboard.

What is the main advantage of oriented strand board (OSB) over plywood?

Higher strength and stiffness and Lower cost.

Which type of panel is generally more stable, stiffer, and better for holding fasteners and finishes?

Fiberboard.

What is the primary benefit of using glue-laminated wood (glulam) beams in construction?

They can be produced in larger sizes, longer lengths, and higher strengths than solid lumber.

Which structural panel type is commonly used as sheathing and subflooring in light frame wood buildings?

Oriented strand board (OSB).

What is the purpose of tongue-and-groove edges on panels intended for subflooring?

To eliminate unevenness and gaps between panels.

What type of screw can be installed more quickly with power drivers and is used for subflooring?

Self-drilling wood screw.

What type of structural panel is made from thin wood veneer sheets bonded into thicker members?

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL).

What type of wood connector is used to join wood members or strengthen their joints in metal framing?

Metal framing devices.

What is the purpose of rotary slicing veneers for structural plywood panels?

To reduce moisture content.

What is the typical moisture content achieved after passing veneers through a drying kiln?

Roughly 5 percent.

Which grade of veneer is often used for underlayment to avoid telegraphing irregularities?

Grade C.

What type of wood panel is commonly used for temporary exposure to weather during construction?

Exposure 1.

What is the purpose of the span rating system for wood panels?

To achieve the same structural objectives with different panel types.

What does the '48/24 span rating' mean on a structural panel gradestamp?

The panel can be used for roof sheathing spaced at 48 inches and subflooring spaced at 24 inches.

What material is commonly used in the manufacture of plastic lumber?

Recycled plastic resins (plastic).

Which type of plastic lumber is used in building construction for exterior decking and trim?

Recycled plastic lumber.

What is the primary advantage of light gauge steel construction over wood light frame construction?

It is noncombustible.

Which breakthrough technologies of the 19th century accelerated the development of wood light frame construction?

Water-powered sawmill and machine-made nails.

What was the main innovation that the balloon frame introduced to wood framing?

Elimination of heavy posts and beams.

Why did the balloon frame's full-length studs pose a challenge?

They spread fire quickly between floors.

Which framing system is now the universal standard for wood light frame construction?

Platform frame.

What are the primary disadvantages of wood light frame construction?

Vulnerability to fire and decay.

What term is used to describe panels made by casting concrete onto a framework of steel studs?

Lightweight concrete panels.

What is the typical spacing for steel studs, joists, and rafters in wood light frame construction?

24 inches (610 mm) o.c.

What is the advantage of using steel framing for interior partitions in mixed-use buildings?

Improved structural stability.

Which type of wood panel is commonly used for exterior siding or in applications permanently exposed to weather?

Exterior panels with waterproof glue and high-quality veneers.

Which feature distinguishes structural-grade plastic lumber (SGPL) from conventional solid wood?

Reinforcement with glass fibers.

How does light gauge steel framing compare to wood framing in terms of stability and uniformity?

Steel framing is more stable and uniform than wood framing.