bio 01

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid

enumerate the macromolecules

dehydration synthesis

joins monomers together by removing a water molecule

hydrolysis

breaks monomers apart by adding a water molecule

catabolism

breaks down larger molecules to release energy

anabolism

builds up large molecules to use energy

sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactose

galactose + glucose

maltose

glucose + glucose

glycolic linkage

covalanent bond between carbohydrates

complex sugar (oligosaccharides)

3–100 monomers

cell recognition and cell adhesion

the role of oligosaccharides

complex sugar (polysaccharides)

100-1000 monomers

acts as vital energy storage or structural support in plants, animals, and fungi

role of polysaccharides

glycogenesis

what happens when there is a rise in blood sugar level?

converts glucose to glycogen in the muscle or liver

what does glucogenesis do?

glycogenolysis

what happens when blood sugar levels decrease?

when glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver/muscle

what does glycogenolysis do?

production of glucose from non-carbs

gluconeogenesis

breaks down glucose to release energy

glycolysis

soluble

are carbs soluble or insoluble?

insoluble

are lipids soluble or insoluble?

not built from monomer chains

what differentiates lipids from carbs?

fat, phospholipids, steroids

3 categories of lipids

ester bonds & dehydration synthesis

what are fats (triglycerides) produced from?

cytoplasm of odipose cells

fats are formed in…

saturated, trans fat

which fats are solid?

2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group

components of phospholipid

hydrophilic

the head of the phospholipid is…

hydrophobic

the tail of the phospholipid is…

4 fused carbon rings w/ diff. functional grps

steroids are composed of…

cholesterol

precursor to the synthesis of other steroids

cell membrane, smooth er

steroids can be found in…

lipogenesis

metabolic process where carbs are converted into fats

lipolysis

the breakdown of stored fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids and glycerol

fatty acid oxidation or beta-oxidation

fatty acids become fatty acetyl coa which eventually produce atp

carboxyl group, amino group, side chain

every amino acid has…

non-polar side chain

amino acid side chain that is hydrophobic

polar side chain

amino acid side chain that is hydrophilic. has a partial positive or negative charge

electrically charged side chains

amino acid side chains that are hydrophilic. has a full positive or negative charge

animals, plants

cytoplasm is for _, starch is for _

glycolipid, glycoprotein

lipids present in cell membrane

energy storage, insulates vital organs, cellular membrane

functions of lipids

primary source of energy

role of protein

polypeptides

polymers of protein

structural, membrane, hormonal, transport, defensive, enzymatic, storage

functions of protein (7)

peptide bonds

formed when an amino acid joins an enzyme (dehydration synthesis)

9, cannot be created by the body

how many essential amino acids are there, and why are they essential?

11, created by the body

how many non-essential amino acids are there, and why are they non-essential?

starch

this carb stores energy for plants

cytoplasm, glycogen

these carbs store energy in animals

cellulose

this carb is found in cell walls

chitin

this carb forms the exoskeleton in plants

amyloplast

this carb stores starch in plants

straight, no double bonds

structure and no. of bonds in saturated fat

bent, 1 double bond

structure and no. of bonds in monounsaturated fat

very bent, 2+ double bonds

structure and no. of bonds in polyunsaturated fat

straight, 1+ double bonds

structure and no. of bonds in trans fat

negative, carboxylic acid

polar acidic amino acids are […] at pH 7 and made of […]

positive, amines

polar basic amino acids are […] at pH 7 and made of […]

uncharged, hydrogen bonds

polar neutral side chains are […] at pH 7 and made of […]

fibrous, granular

2 protein structures

long and narrow

shape of fibrous protein

round and spherical

shape of granular protein

structural

purpose of fibrous protein

functional

purpose of granular protein

repetitive amino acids

acid sequence of fibrous protein

irregular amino acid sequence

acid sequence of granular protein

less sensitive to changes

durability of fibrous protein

more sensitive to changes

durability of granular protein

fibrous

fibrous or granular? collagen, myosin, fibers, actin, keratin

granular

fibrous or granular? enzymes, insulin

hydrogen bonds, specifically amino and carbonyl grps

secondary structure of protein is made of…

alpha helix, beta sheet

types of secondary structures

beta sheet

which is more extended? alpha helix or beta sheet?

irregular contortions from bonding between side chains of amino acids

tertiary structures are made from

overall protein structure formed from aggregations of tertiary subunits

quarternary structure is the…

unraveling & loss of native 3d conformation of a protein

what is denaturation of protein?

prion

misfolded protein

the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another

what does the lock and key model imply?

C, H, O, N

protein is made from the elements…

C, H, O, N, P

nucleic acid is made from the elements…

nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids

phosphate, five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

components of nucleotides (3)

mitochondrion, chloroplast, nucleus

where can dna be found?

chloroplast, cytoplasm

where can rna be found?

iodine molecules fit into the coiled structure of starch. this changes how the iodine absorbs light

in the iki test, why does starch turn the substance blue-black?

copper binds to the peptide bonds, creating a new set of wavelengths, and therefore a new color.

in the biuret test, why does protein turn the substance violet?

h2o2 reacts with enzymes. enzymes speed up the reaction

why does higher h2o2 concentration produce more bubbles?

pH 7

what pH range are enzymes most active at?

lactate, pyruvate

examples of non-carb sources that can create glucose

potatoes, rice, wheat

examples of starchy food

glycogen

the animal equivalent of starch

cellulose

fiber is made of…

chitin

a tough, flexible, and biodegradable material used for surgical threads

hydrophobic; they contain large areas dominated by nonpolar carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen bonds

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? why?

ester linkage - carboxyl & hydroxyl group

lipid bond for fats is called…