Patho exam 3

What happens in arterial disorders?

Arteries become damaged, narrowed, or blocked, reducing blood flow.

What causes endothelial injury and atherosclerosis?

High blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and toxins.

What are the risk factors for arterial disorders?

High cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and diabetes.

What are signs and symptoms of arterial disorders?

Pain, numbness, cold limbs, weak pulses, and slow-healing wounds.

What complications arise from arterial disorders?

Stroke, heart attack, aneurysm, and poor circulation.

What are the coronary arteries?

Blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

How does arteriosclerosis lead to ischemic heart disease?

It narrows arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart.

What are risk factors for ischemic heart disease?

High cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and inactivity.

What disorders cause acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?

Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).

How do ACS symptoms differ from stable coronary artery disease?

ACS symptoms are sudden and severe; stable angina occurs with exertion.

What happens during a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

A blocked artery prevents oxygen from reaching the heart, causing tissue death.

What are complications of a heart attack?

Heart failure, arrhythmias, or cardiac arrest.

What tests diagnose a heart attack?

ECG, troponin blood test, and echocardiogram.

How do acute and chronic venous disorders differ?

Acute: sudden (DVT). Chronic: long-term (varicose veins, venous insufficiency).

What are signs of venous insufficiency and DVT?

Swelling, pain, warmth, skin changes, and leg ulcers.

What is Virchow’s triad (DVT risk factors)?

Stasis (slow blood flow), vessel injury, and hypercoagulability (clot risk).

How does a DVT become a pulmonary embolism?

A clot breaks off, travels to the lungs, and blocks blood flow.

What are preload, afterload, contractility, and ejection fraction?

They describe heart function and its ability to pump blood.

What are risk factors for heart failure?

High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.

What causes left and right ventricular failure?

Left: high blood pressure, heart attack. Right: lung disease, left-sided failure.

What are signs of left and right heart failure?

Left: lung congestion, trouble breathing. Right: leg swelling, weight gain.

What causes valvular heart disease?

Congenital defects, infections, and aging.

What are symptoms of heart valve disorders?

Fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and irregular heartbeat.

What is shock?

A life-threatening condition where organs don’t get enough blood.

What are the types of shock?

Septic (infection), hypovolemic (blood loss), cardiogenic (heart failure), neurogenic (nervous system), and anaphylactic (allergic reaction).

What happens in the three stages of shock?

Early: body compensates. Progressive: organs start failing. Irreversible: widespread organ failure.

What are abnormal respiratory functions?

Trouble breathing, low oxygen, lung inflammation.

What causes respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia, and TB?

Viruses, bacteria, and weakened immune systems.

What are symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, and TB?

Cough, fever, chest pain, and trouble breathing.

What causes asthma and COPD?

Asthma: allergies, irritants. COPD: smoking, pollution.

What are symptoms of asthma and COPD?

Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath.

What are restrictive lung disorders?

Conditions that make the lungs stiff, like pneumothorax and pleural effusion.

What causes pulmonary vascular disorders?

Clots, fluid buildup, high blood pressure in the lungs.

What are signs of pulmonary vascular disorders?

Shortness of breath, chest pain, fast heartbeat.