Patho exam 3

What happens in arterial disorders?
- Arteries become damaged, narrowed, or blocked, reducing blood flow.
What causes endothelial injury and atherosclerosis?
- High blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and toxins.
What are the risk factors for arterial disorders?
- High cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and diabetes.
What are signs and symptoms of arterial disorders?
- Pain, numbness, cold limbs, weak pulses, and slow-healing wounds.
What complications arise from arterial disorders?
- Stroke, heart attack, aneurysm, and poor circulation.

What are the coronary arteries?
- Blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
How does arteriosclerosis lead to ischemic heart disease?
- It narrows arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart.
What are risk factors for ischemic heart disease?
- High cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and inactivity.
What disorders cause acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
- Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
How do ACS symptoms differ from stable coronary artery disease?
- ACS symptoms are sudden and severe; stable angina occurs with exertion.
What happens during a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
- A blocked artery prevents oxygen from reaching the heart, causing tissue death.
What are complications of a heart attack?
- Heart failure, arrhythmias, or cardiac arrest.
What tests diagnose a heart attack?
- ECG, troponin blood test, and echocardiogram.

How do acute and chronic venous disorders differ?
- Acute: sudden (DVT). Chronic: long-term (varicose veins, venous insufficiency).
What are signs of venous insufficiency and DVT?
- Swelling, pain, warmth, skin changes, and leg ulcers.
What is Virchow’s triad (DVT risk factors)?
- Stasis (slow blood flow), vessel injury, and hypercoagulability (clot risk).
How does a DVT become a pulmonary embolism?
- A clot breaks off, travels to the lungs, and blocks blood flow.

What are preload, afterload, contractility, and ejection fraction?
- They describe heart function and its ability to pump blood.
What are risk factors for heart failure?
- High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.
What causes left and right ventricular failure?
- Left: high blood pressure, heart attack. Right: lung disease, left-sided failure.
What are signs of left and right heart failure?
- Left: lung congestion, trouble breathing. Right: leg swelling, weight gain.

What causes valvular heart disease?
- Congenital defects, infections, and aging.
What are symptoms of heart valve disorders?
- Fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and irregular heartbeat.

What is shock?
- A life-threatening condition where organs don’t get enough blood.
What are the types of shock?
- Septic (infection), hypovolemic (blood loss), cardiogenic (heart failure), neurogenic (nervous system), and anaphylactic (allergic reaction).
What happens in the three stages of shock?
- 1. Early: body compensates. 2. Progressive: organs start failing. 3. Irreversible: widespread organ failure.

What are abnormal respiratory functions?
- Trouble breathing, low oxygen, lung inflammation.
What causes respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia, and TB?
- Viruses, bacteria, and weakened immune systems.
What are symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, and TB?
- Cough, fever, chest pain, and trouble breathing.

What causes asthma and COPD?
- Asthma: allergies, irritants. COPD: smoking, pollution.
What are symptoms of asthma and COPD?
- Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath.
What are restrictive lung disorders?
- Conditions that make the lungs stiff, like pneumothorax and pleural effusion.
What causes pulmonary vascular disorders?
- Clots, fluid buildup, high blood pressure in the lungs.
What are signs of pulmonary vascular disorders?
- Shortness of breath, chest pain, fast heartbeat.