Types of RNA and the process of Transcription

mRNA

______ provides the template for protein synthesis in a cell.

tRNA

______ brings amino acids and reads the genetic code during translation.

rRNA

______ plays a structural and catalytic role during translation.

RNA polymerase

There is a single DNA-dependent ______ that catalyzes transcription of all types of RNA in bacteria.

Initiation

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and ______ transcription in bacteria.

facilitates

It somehow also ______ opening of the helix and continues elongation.

terminator

Once the polymerases reaches the ______ region, the nascent RNA falls off.

initiation

An intriguing question is that how is the RNA polymerases able to catalyse all the three steps, which are ______, elongation and termination.

RNA polymerase

The ____ is only capable of catalyzing the process of elongation.

Initiation-factor (σ)

The RNA polymerase associates transiently with ____ to initiate transcription.

Termination-factor (ρ)

The RNA polymerase associates transiently with initiation-factor (σ) and ____ to terminate transcription.

Transcription

Association with initiation-factor (σ) and termination-factor (ρ) alter the specificity of the RNA polymerase to either initiate or terminate ____.

mRNA

In bacteria, since the ____ does not require any processing to become active, translation can begin before the mRNA is fully transcribed.

RNA polymerase

Once the polymerase reaches the terminator region, the nascent RNA falls off, so also the ____.

Terminator

This results in the termination of ____.

Transcription

An intriguing question is how the RNA polymerase is able to catalyze all three steps:initiation, elongation, and ____.

Elongation

The RNA polymerase is only capable of catalyzing the process of ____.

Initiation-factor (σ)

The RNA polymerase associates transiently with ____ to initiate transcription.

Termination-factor (ρ)

The RNA polymerase associates transiently with initiation-factor (σ) and ____ to terminate transcription.

Specificity

Association with these factors alter the ______ of the RNA polymerase to either initiate or terminate.

mRNA

In bacteria, since the ______ does not require any processing to become active.

Transcription

In bacteria, transcription and translation take place in the same compartment, allowing for coupling.

Eukaryotes

In ______, there are at least three RNA polymerases in the nucleus.

RNA polymerase I

______ transcribes rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S).

RNA polymerase III

______ is responsible for transcription of tRNA, 5srRNA, and snRNAs.

RNA polymerase II

______ transcribes precursor of mRNA, the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).

Exons

The primary transcripts contain both the ______ and the introns and are non-functional.

Introns

The primary transcripts contain both the exons and the ______ and are non-functional.

Splicing

______ is a process where the introns are removed and exons are joined in a defined order.

Exons

______ are defined as the coding sequences that appear in mature or processed RNA.

Introns

______ or intervening sequences do not appear in mature or processed RNA.

Capping

In ______, an unusual nucleotide (methyl guanosine triphosphate) is added to the 5'-end of hnRNA.

Tailing

In ______, adenylate residues (200-300) are added at the 3'-end in a template independent manner.

hnRNA

It is the fully processed __________, now called mRNA, that is transported out of the nucleus for translation.

mRNA

It is the fully processed hnRNA, now called __________, that is transported out of the nucleus for translation.

split-gene arrangements

The significance of such complexities is now beginning to be understood. The __________ represent probably an ancient feature of the genome.

introns

The presence of __________ is reminiscent of antiquity, and the process of splicing represents the dominance of RNA-world.

splicing

The presence of introns is reminiscent of antiquity, and the process of __________ represents the dominance of RNA-world.