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Lecture_11_and_12_Viruses___Eukaryotes__-__UPDATED
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1
Virus
A genetic element that cannot replicate independently of a living (host) cell.
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2
Viral particle
Extracellular form of a virus; allows virus to exist outside host and facilitates transmission.
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3
Virion
The infectious virus particle; contains nucleic acid genome, protein coat, and potentially other materials.
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4
Capsid
The protein shell that surrounds the genome of a virus particle.
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5
Capsomer
A subunit of the capsid.
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6
Nucleocapsid
The complete complex of nucleic acid and protein packaged in the virion.
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7
Enveloped virus
A virus that contains additional layers around the nucleocapsid.
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8
Helical symmetry
A structural arrangement of virions; rod-shaped viruses.
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9
Icosahedral symmetry
A structural arrangement of virions; spherical viruses.
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10
Titer
The number of infectious units per volume of fluid.
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11
Plaque assay
A method to measure virus infectivity, where clear zones develop on lawns of host cells.
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12
Lytic cycle
A virulent mode where viruses lyse host cells after infection.
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13
Temperate mode
A viral life cycle where viruses replicate their genomes in tandem with host genome without killing the host.
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14
Lysogeny
A state where most virus genes are not expressed and virus genome is replicated with the host chromosome.
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15
Retroviruses
RNA viruses that replicate via a DNA intermediate, containing reverse transcriptase.
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16
Prion
An infectious protein known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals.
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17
Nucleotide
A basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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18
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
An enzyme required by negative-strand RNA and double-stranded RNA viruses to make mRNA.
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19
Concatenation
A feature of many virus genomes where the same genes are arranged in different orders.
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20
Terminal redundancy
Some DNA sequences in virions are duplicated on both ends.
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21
Attachment (adsorption)
The phase of viral replication where the virus attaches to a susceptible host cell.
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22
Entry (penetration)
The phase of viral replication where the virion or its nucleic acid enters the host cell.
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23
Eclipse
The phase of viral replication where the genome is replicated and proteins are translated.
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24
Maturation
The phase of viral replication where capsids are assembled and viral genomes are packaged into new virions.
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25
Release
The phase of viral replication characterized by the lysis of the host cell and release of new virions.
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26
Positive-strand RNA virus
A virus with single-stranded RNA genome that has the same orientation as its mRNA.
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27
Negative-strand RNA virus
A virus with single-stranded RNA genome that has a complementary orientation to its mRNA.
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28
Apicomplexans
Obligate parasites of animals that contain apicoplasts, which are degenerated chloroplasts.
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29
Eukaryotes
Organisms that contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus and several organelles.
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30
Mitochondrion
An organelle that serves in respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.
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31
Hydrogenosome
An organelle that lacks citric acid cycle enzymes and is involved in anaerobic metabolism.
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32
Chloroplast
A chlorophyll-containing organelle found in phototrophic eukaryotes.
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33
Stramenopiles
A group that includes oomycetes, diatoms, and brown algae.
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34
Ciliates
A group of alveolates that possess cilia at some stage of their life cycle.
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35
Dinoflagellates
Diverse marine and freshwater phototrophic organisms, some of which cause harmful algal blooms.
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36
Bacteriophage T4
A well-studied bacteriophage with complex penetration mechanisms and distinct life cycles.
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37
Influenza virus
An enveloped virus known for causing flu infections.
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38
Viroid
A small infectious RNA that does not encode proteins and causes diseases in plants.
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39
Genome packaging
The process of filling the virus head with viral DNA under pressure.
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40
E. coli
A commonly studied bacterial host for bacteriophage infections.
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41
Quorum sensing
A communication process that enables bacteria to monitor their population density.
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42
CRISPR
A defense mechanism that bacteria employ against viral infections.
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43
Bacteriophage
A virus that specifically infects bacteria.
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44
Lysogenic pathway
A viral replication pathway where the viral genome integrates into the host genome.
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45
Bacterial cell envelope
The protective layer surrounding bacterial cells, targeted by some viruses during infection.
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46
Epidemiology
The study of how diseases spread and can be controlled in populations.
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47
Transformation
The process by which a virus converts a normal cell into a tumor cell.
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48
Persistent infection
A state where infected cells continuously produce virus without cell lysis.
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49
Latent infection
A delay between infection and the lytic events of a virus.
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50
Filamentous growth
A growth pattern seen in some fungi, characterized by hyphae.
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51
Mycelium
A compact tuft formed by the growth of fungal hyphae.
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52
Conidia
Asexual spores produced by some fungi.
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53
Basidiospores
Reproductive spores produced by mushrooms.
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54
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots that help in nutrient absorption.
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