Zoology - Exam 4

Etymology, Chapter 14, Chapter 15, Chapter 16

‘second mouth’

deuterostomia

‘spiny skin’

echinodermata

‘star-like’ (sea stars)

asteroidea

‘snake-like’ (brittle stars)

ophiurodea

‘spiny form’ (sea urchins)

echinoidea

‘lily-like’ (sea lillies and feather stars)

crinoidea

‘half cord’

hemichordata

‘cord’

chordata

‘tail cord’ (tunicates)

urochordata

‘head cord’ (lancelets)

cephalochordata

‘to twist’

vertebrata

‘no jaw’ (jawless fishes)

agnatha

‘cone tooth’

conodonta

‘shell skin’

ostracodermi

‘circle mouth’

cyclostomi

‘has slime’ (hagfishes)

myxini

‘stone suck’ (lampreys)

petromyzontida

‘jaw mouth’ (jawed fishes)

gnathostomata

‘plate skin’

placodermi

‘spiny group’ (spiny sharks)

acanthodii

‘cartilage fishes’

chondrichthyes

‘whole head’ (chimaeras)

holochephali

‘plate gills’ (sharks, rays, and skates)

elasmobranchi

‘shark form’

selachimorpha

‘ray form’ (rays and skates)

batoidea

‘bone fishes’

osteichthyes

‘flesh fins’ (lobe-finned fishes)

sarcopterygii

‘small bellows condition’

rhipidistia

‘double-breathing group’ (lungfishes)

dipnoi

‘ray fins’

actinopterygii

‘cartilage bone structure’

chondrostei

‘new fins’

neopterygii

‘complete bone’

teleostei

Which clade is named for structures of feet?

ambulacraria

Which phylum is marine osmoconformers, are predators or particle feeders, benthic adults with radial symmetry, ancestors had bilateral symmetry, free swimming (planktonic) larvae have bilateral symmetry, and are mostly dioecious (external fertilization)?

echinodermata

Which clade is phylum echinodermata in?

ambulacraria

Which clade means move around freely?

eleutherozoa

Which class is the sea stars, usually intertidal, often brightly colored, and most are predators?

asteroidea

Which RO of asteroidea is common around the gulf and atlantic coast?

sugar starfish

Which RO of asteroidea is the heaviest star fish and has the most arms of any starfish (up to 24)?

sunflower starfish

Which RO of asteroidea has venomous spines on its arms, has up to 21 arms, is found in the indian ocean, and eats coral?

crown-of-thorns starfish

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, where is the central disc?

middle of body

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, what are the arms like and how many do they have?

tapering arms, often 5 but can have more

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, what is the oral surface?

on the bottom with mouth

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, what is the aboral surface?

on the top with anus

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, what is ambulacra?

radial rows of tube feet and spines

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, what is pedicellariae?

pincer like appendage for cleaning of the body and can also be used to capture prey

In asteroidea (sea star) external anatomy, what is papulae?

‘pimple’ gill like projections for gas exchange and excretion

What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by sea stars?

ammonia

In asteroidea (sea star) internal anatomy, what is the endoskeleton?

under epidermis composed of ossicles (calcified) and often fused together

In asteroidea (sea star) internal anatomy, what is catch collagen?

in tissues, stiffness is voluntarily controlled, allows squeezing and loosening

In asteroidea (sea star) internal anatomy, is there a heart?

no

In asteroidea (sea star) internal anatomy, what is the nervous system like?

lack centralized brain, nerve net (ring and arm nerves), ocelli on nerve tips

In asteroidea (sea star) internal anatomy, how many gonads are present?

one pair in each arm

What is the hydraulic vascular system of echinoderms?

hydraulic canal system for movement, feeding, and respiration, unique to echinoderms

What are the four aspects of the echinoderms hydraulic vascular system?

madreporite, stone canal connects to ring canal, radial and lateral canals, polian vesicles

In the echinoderms hydraulic vascular system, what is the madreporite?

sieve for water entry (one visible big pore)

In the echinoderms hydraulic vascular system, what is the stone canal?

connects to the ring canal

In the echinoderms hydraulic vascular system, what is the ring canal?

around the central disk

In the echinoderms hydraulic vascular system, what are the radial and lateral canals?

connect to tube feet

In the echinoderms hydraulic vascular system, what are the polian vesicles?

fluid reservoir sacs

What is a hemal circulatory system?

open coelom circulatory and closed water vascular system

What is the feeding and digestion of echinoderms like?

two part stomach

What are the two parts of the echinoderm stomach?

cardiac stomach and pyloric stomach

What is the cardiac stomach in echinoderms?

everted through mouth for feeding

What is the pyloric stomach in echinoderms?

connects to digestive glands in each arm

What is the development of echinoderms?

larvae attach with adhesive discs, rudimentary starfish breaks off during metamorphosis, exhibit autonomy, can regenerate

Which class is the brittle stars, largest echinoderm class (over 2000 species), secretive in crevices, locomotion by arm movement?

ophiuroidea

What is the anatomy and reproduction of ophiuroidea (brittle stars)?

slender arms, no pedicellariae or papulae, covered with ossicles, pores for tube feet to extend, five plates act as jaws, bursal slits with gonads at arm bases, planktonic larvae with ciliated bands, no attachment during metamorphosis, pronounced autonomy and regeneration

What are the differences between brittle stars and sea stars?

brittle stars do not have pedicellariae or papulae, brittle stars do not attach during metamorphosis

What class is the sea urchins, lack arms, endoskeleton (test), have five part symmetry?

echinoidea

What are the two types of echinoidea (sea urchins)?

‘regular’ and ‘irregular’

Which sea urchin has a hemispherical shape, long spines, mostly eat algae?

‘regular’

Which sea urchin is flattened, short spines, has bilateral symmetry, are deposit feeders?

‘irregular’

What is the sea urchin (echinoidea) endoskeleton called?

test

What is the sea urchin test made of?

calcium carbonate ossicles fused together

What is the anatomy of echinoidea (sea urchins)?

ambulacra bend toward anus, test has rows of plates with spines, may have venomous spines or pedicellariae, aristotle’s lantern

What is aristotle’s lantern?

complex set of chewing structures, five teeth around mouth, unique feeding structure made of calcium carbonate

Which class is the sea cucumbers, are elongated (bilateral symmetry as adults), little cephalization, ossicles greatly reduced, leathery, most crawl - deposit feeders, some sedentary - burrow and use tentacles to trap particles?

holothuroidea

What is the anatomy of class holothuroidea?

three ambulacra, dorsal tube feet reduced and sensory, oral tentacles are modified and retractable tube feet, respiratory tree connects to anus, gas exchange also through skin and tube feet

What is the respiratory tree in holothuroidea?

connects to anus, pulls in water through anus, long branches push water in and get oxygen from water

What are the cuvierian tubules of holothuroidea?

defense mechanism, sticky and toxic, expelled from anus, some species also discharge digestive tract, respiratory tree, or single gonad as a distraction, all can be regenerated relatively quickly

Which class has two groups, sea lilies and feather star, more numerous in fossil record, cup-shaped bodies, filter feeders (plankton), many live in deep water with feather stars sometimes being in shallow water, pentaradial symmetry?

crinoidea

Which crinoidea adults are stalked and mostly sessile?

sea lilies

Which crinoidea adults are free-moving with long arms?

feather star

What is the anatomy of class crinoidea?

leathery skin containing plate like ossicles, stalk appears jointed, some have cirri (little ‘legs’ for crawling and gripping), pinnules and tube feet on arms transfer food to ambulacra then mouth, no spines or pedicelleriae, few sense organs, simple gonads

Which phylum is wormlike burrowers (proboscis digs), marine benthos, bilateral symmetry, pharynx with gill slits, stomochord (flexible hollow tube, oupouching of foregut, structural support), nerve net (no brain), open circulatory system?

hemichordata

Which class is acorn worms, mostly deposit feeders, proboscis catches food in mucus strands, cilia carry particles to collar groove, water passes through gill pores (gills absent), dorsal and ventral nerve cords (hollow in some species), dioecious (external fertilzation)?

enteropneusta

Which class is small and colonial, live in secreted tubes (proboscis used for adhering and secretes tubes that they then live in), arms with tentacles for filter feeding, one nerve cord (ventral and not hollow), dioecious or hermaphroditic, asexual budding?

pterobranchia

Which phylum has pre-cambrian common ancestor, bilateral symmetry, cephalization, deuterostomes, coelomates, segmented, three subphyla, tube-within-a-tube body plan?

chordata

What are the five defining characteristics of chordates?

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle

Which characteristic of chordates is the rodlike, semirigid, and enclosed in a sheath; skeletal scaffolding; first part of endoskeleton to appear in embryos; may be lost in adulthood (replaced by vertebral column) - bony or cartilaginous; bends without shortening (permits undulation)?

notochord

Which characteristic of chordates is the neural tube tissue, from enfolding of ectoderm, anterior end forms brain, functions in coordination and signaling, becomes spinal cord in vertebrates, dorsal to digestive tract?

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Which characteristic of chordates is the openings in the pharyngeal cavity that usually goes to the outside, used for filter feeding in early chordates and addition of capillary network led to gills, lost during development in most tetrapods, in humans it becomes specific ear and neck bones, muscles, and cartilages, preauricular sinus?

pharyngeal slits

Which characteristic of chordates is the skeletal elements and muscles below the anus, primarily for locomotion and balance, present in embryos but may be lost in adults, reduced to a vestigial tail bone in humans?

post-anal tail

Which characteristic of chordates is the organ in the pharynx that assists in filter feeding, secretes mucus that adheres to suspended food particles, becomes the thyroid in vertebrates, secreted proteins are homologous in vertebrates?

endostyle

If the notochord is lost in development, what does it become?

vertebral column - bony or cartilaginous

If the dorsal hollow nerve cord is lost in development, what does it become?

spinal cord in vertebrates

If the pharyngeal slits are lost in development, what do they become?

specific ear and neck bones, muscles, and cartilages

If the post-anal tail is lost in development, what does it become?

vestigial tail bone in humans