IMOS exam 2 key terms and concepts

what are the three forms of iron alloys

wrought iron, steel, cast/pig iron

properties of iron and steel

hard, opaque, malleable, metallic, conductive, magnetic, strong

how much carbon is in wrought iron

0-0.2%

how much carbon is in steel

0.2-2.1%

how much carbon is in cast iron/pig iron?

2.3-4.3%

properties of wrought iron

pure, ductile, high melting point

properties of steel

very strong, hard, forgable, 1000x harder than pure iron, high melting point

properties of cast iron/pig iron

low melting point, brittle, not forgable (must be cast)

how does the melting point change as the concentration of carbon increases?

it decreases

annealing

heat it and slow cool it (get rid of dislocations) (makes it bendier)

quenching

heat it and rapid cool it (locks it up because the carbon couldn’t get where it wanted to go)

tempering

quench then heat again

puddling

converting pig iron into wrought iron or steel by heating it and frequently stirring it in a furnace with oxidizing substances

bloomery furnace

makes wrought iron; ore and charcoal are repeatedly heated in a furnace and beaten until left with only iron

blast furnace

makes cast iron; heat ore, charcoal, and limestone unitl the liquid iron can be collected from the bottom

finery forge

converts cast iron to wrought iron; re-melt cast iron until the carbon and silicon oxidize out to produce bloom and slag, then beat into wrought iron

carborization

converts wrought iron to steel; heat iron in carbon rich air

bessimer furnace

converts cast iron to steel using BOP

BOP

basic oxygen process; inject pure oxygen and add alloying agents and carbon after oxidizing impurities

coking

driving sulfer out of coal

creative destruction

eliminating old ways fo doing things and introducing new ways of doing things

Carnegie’s Roots

born in scotland, dad was a hand loom weaver of linen until he was put out of work by a factory of machines, moves to US in 1845, became a telegraph operator for the pennsylvania railroad (speeds up to 35-40 mph)

hard driving

working equipment until it breaks down and then replacing it

vertical integration

purchased sources of raw materials

aluminum properties

durable, lightweight, ductile, nonmagnetic, difficult to weld

phlogiston

Becher thought burning something gave off phlogiston and left calx

Antoine Lavoisier

proves that oxygen was necessary for combustion (theory proposed by Joseph Priestley)(first to organize elements by weight)

Joseph Priestly

isolated oxygen from mercury oxide using sunlight

oxide reduction

a reactant gains or loses electrons

Hall-heroult Process

dissolve aluminum oxide into cryolite because of its lower melting point, then use Bayer process to convert the resulting bauxite back to aluminum oxide

history of aluminum

price dropped dramtically

solid solution hardening

alloying

work hardening

create dislocations by bending

precipitation hardening

add copper or sillcon to aluminum and heat to a low temperature to precipitate dislocations

cyclic fatigue

repeated tensile-compressive stress

economic deflation

so much aluminum was produced that the price dropped

amorphous metal

metal with crystalline glass structure

history of writing

tablets, walls, parchment, paper

papyrus

3000 BC - earliest for of paper making

parchment

thinned and stretched animal skin

linseed oil

stains wood

mechanical pulping

wood chips soaked in hot water then ground - lignin remains, higher yeild, cheaper, less pollution

chemical pulping

sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide separate cellulose and lignin, the lignin is dissolved in liquor and washed away

cellulose

44% of dry wood, organic polymer

lignin

27% of dry wood, binds cellulose together

four functions of money

unit of account, store of value, medium of exchange, standard of deffered payment

polymers

a long chain molecule made of repeat units called “mers”

cellulose nitrate

wood + nitric and sulfuric acid - transparent

polyethylene

hydrogen side groups; most common plastic

polypropylene

CH3 side groups; thermoplastic

polyvinylchloride

Cl side groups

polystyrene

Benzene side groups- styrofoam

rubber

natural polymer

vulcanization

rubber is heated with sulfer to form corss links between the molecules

condensation polymerization

water is produced by the reaction

3 marketing strategies

sell the need, make it seem unique, dominant image with scientific fact

silicon properties

high melting point, reflective, shiny, brittle

dopants

adding Si or Ge making it conductive

p-type

adding a group III element (boron) makes holes

n-type

adding a group V element (arsenic or phosphorus)

transistor

can serve as an amplifier or switch, n-type silicon is deposited with gaps onto a layer of p-type silicon

moore’s law

the number of transistors in a circuit will double every 2 years

integrated circuit

multiple functions can now be put on a singular chip