Criminal Justice: Test 2

frankpledge

a group of 10 families responsible for keeping order in community, voluntary

metropolitan police act (1829)

created the worlds first paid police force, London, maintained order and peace

sir robert peel

managed the first police force

new york city

first police force in the U.S, 1845, only had officers at night

federal agency

jurisdiction over the US and all of its territories, deals with violations of federal law

state agency

jurisdiction over the whole state, enforce state law, department of justice, police areas with no policing (rural highways) 

county agency 

jurisdiction over county, run jails, rural areas with no police department 

municipal agency

city cops

order maintenance

preventing behavior and protecting peace, noise complaints and domestic disturbance, not issuing citations just putting order back in place 

law enforcement

making arrests and handing out citations

service function

finding lost pets, saving animals, filling gas tanks

implementing the mandate

“impossible mandate”, giving police an impossible job, expecting cops to do more than enforcing the law 

watchman style

order maintenance, ignore small offenses, common in small and large cities, discretion

legalistic style

law enforcement, clean up streets, very little discretion

service style

combination of watchman and legalistic, priorities differ, small offenses use discretion, repeating offenses do not 

reactive response 

police reacting to something, most common response 

proactive response

actively preventing or identifying future crime, building relationship with the community

incident-driven policing

form of reactive policing, officers distributed around the community to get to calls quicker

clearance rate

% of crimes known to police that have been solved by results

aggressive patrol 

proactive policing, pulling everyone over for any reason to try and identify a larger crime

problem oriented policing

underlying problem, SARA (scanning, analysis, respond, assessment)

Tennessee v. Garner

ruled that police cannot use deadly force on an unarmed, fleeing suspect

grass eaters

low level “corrupt” behavior, officers take advantage of their position for personal gain, not harmful 

meat eaters

actively taking advantage of every situation

Noble Cause Corruption

good cops do bad things for perceived good intentions/purposes, lie on reports, pull people over with no suspicions 

mooching

officers accept implict items, free food, discounts, may promote favoritism

bribery

explicit, citizen makes an officer an offer to get out of a ticket

chiseling

citizen initiates, cops demand an assignment/mission to a concert or sports game on duty or not, they are able to do things they want because they are a cop 

extortion

officer initiates, officer asks for money or favor from citizen in exchange for no ticket

shopping

officers help themselves at businesses that are closed at night

shakedown

going to a drug dealer and taking all their money and drugs, taking stuff in burgulary and reporting it as stolen 

premeditated theft 

preplan and force entry into places, know where officers are 

favoritism

using discretion treating people based on who they are or cops relationship to them, pulling over a friend, former cop, classmate 

perjury

lying under oath, 

prejudice

treating people differently based on bias

internal affairs unit

branch of police department that investigates other officers that break polices or the law

civilian review boards

non officers responsible for investigating a cop’s behavior

standards and accreditation

police departments get reviewed, accredited if they meet certain standards

civil liability lawsuits

sue officer if procedural rights are violated

homeland security

information sharing and coordination

stop

brief interference with your freedom of movement, measured in minutes, must have responsible suspicion (being pulled over)

probable cause

prove to a judge that your actions were justified

affidavit 

written statement of truth supported by oath 

plain view doctrine

an officer can see evidence from a position thet are legally entitled to be

open fields doctrine

no expectation of privacy in open fields

terry v. ohio

court ruled that the only thing cops can search on a person is a weapon, pat down

exclusionary rule 

if police behave in a way that is against procedural law, the evidence they found will be erased

miranda rules

must be read prior to custodial regulations: being asked incriminating questions or asked not to leave

inevitable discovery exception

officers find something without a warrant, but it is something that they would have already discovered