AP Biology Carbohydrates and Lipids Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering carbohydrates and lipids from the AP Biology review transcript.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that serve as the monomers of carbohydrates, such as glucose.

Glucose

A monosaccharide simple sugar that serves as the essential fuel of life.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrate molecules composed of two linked monosaccharides, such as lactose.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate polymers composed of linked monosaccharides, used for energy storage or structural support.

Starch

An energy storage polysaccharide found in plants whose glucose bonds can be broken down by human enzymes.

Glycogen

An energy storage polysaccharide found in humans and other animals.

Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls, containing glucose bonds that most animals cannot hydrolyze.

Ruminants

Mammals such as cows, sheep, goats, and deer that evolved symbiotic relationships with microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing cellulose.

Lactose

A disaccharide sugar found in milk made of two linked monosaccharides.

Lactase

The enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into monosaccharides.

Lactase persistence

An evolutionary adaptation in certain human groups allowing the widespread production of the lactase enzyme into adulthood.

Lactate

A product containing the lactase enzyme used as a food additive to break down lactose into simple sugars for lactose-intolerant individuals.

Lipids

Biological molecules that are wholly or partly nonpolar, hydrophobic, and not composed of repeating monomers.

Triglyceride

A fat lipid used for energy storage that is usually solid in animals and liquid (oils) in plants.

Wax

A lipid molecule used for waterproofing.

Phospholipid

A lipid consisting of a hydrophobic nonpolar tail and a hydrophilic polar head connected by glycerol, forming the structural framework of cell membranes.

Glycerol

The molecule connecting the hydrophobic nonpolar tail and hydrophilic polar head of a phospholipid.

Steroid hormone

A lipid molecule used for signaling, such as estrogen or testosterone.