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Self-concept
The sum total of an individual’s beliefs about his or her own personal attributes.
self-schema
A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information.
Affective forecasting
The process of prediction how one would feel in response to future emotional events.
Self-perception theory
The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior.
Facial feedback hypothesis
The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion.
over-justification effect
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.
Social comparison theory
The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.
Two-factor theory of emotion
The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
dialecticism
An Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person.
Self-esteem
An affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations.
Sociometer theory
The theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors our social interaction and sends us signals as to whether our behavior is acceptable to others.
terror management theory
The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem.
self-awareness theory
The theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior.
Private self-consciousness
A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states.
Public self-consciousness
A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others.
Self-regulation
The process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal.
Implicit egotism
A non-conscious form of self-enhancement.
bask in reflected glory (BIRG)
To increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful.
downward social comparison
The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.
Self-presentation
Strategies people use to shape what others think of them.
self-monitoring
The tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation.
Self-handicapping
Behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure.
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