Lecture 13 Understanding Racial Equality and Discrimination

Institutional discrimination

Laws disadvantaging specific racial groups.

Microaggressions

Subtle, unintentional discriminatory comments or actions.

Police interactions

Encounters between law enforcement and individuals.

Fatal police shootings

Incidents where police fatally shoot individuals.

Non-lethal shooting

Use of force without resulting in death.

Implicit prejudice

Unconscious negative attitudes toward a group.

Ingroup bias

Favoring one's own social group over others.

Ingroup

Group sharing a sense of belonging.

Outgroup

Group perceived as different from one's own.

Stereotype

Belief about a group's characteristics, often inaccurate.

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Viewing outgroup members as more similar than they are.

Own-race bias

Difficulty recognizing faces of other races.

Illusory correlations

Perceived relationships that do not exist.

Socialization

Learning societal norms and behaviors through observation.

Prejudice

Negative attitude based on group membership.

Discrimination

Unfair treatment based on group affiliation.

Modern Racism

Subtle prejudice alongside rejection of overt racism.

Benevolent Sexism

Chivalrous attitudes towards traditional women roles.

Hostile Sexism

Dislike towards nontraditional women.

Economic Perspective

Intergroup hostility from competing interests.

Motivational Perspective

Psychological needs leading to intergroup conflict.

Cognitive Perspective

Understanding prejudice through cognitive processes.

Ethnocentrism

Glorifying one's own group, vilifying others.

Social identity theory

Self-esteem linked to group status and accomplishments.

Representativeness heuristic

Categorizing based on similarity to prototypes.

Biased information processing

Stereotypes invoked under cognitive strain.

Minimal groups

Groups formed without social reality to study bias.

Paired Distinctiveness

Distinctive events perceived more strongly together.

Subtyping

Creating subgroups to explain exceptions to stereotypes.

Confirmation bias

Stereotypes bias perceptions and beliefs.

Stereotype threat

Fear of confirming negative group stereotypes.

Contact hypothesis

Intergroup contact improves attitudes between groups.

Perspective taking

Imagining another's experiences to foster empathy.

Self-affirmation

Boosting self-esteem to reduce prejudice.

Multicultural ideology

Appreciating diverse cultural identities and perspectives.