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magnetic compass
Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north
rudder
the hinged plate at the back and bottom of a boat, used for steering
junk
A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.
Mongol Empire
an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.
Trade Cities
Cities that grew because of trade
Kashgar
a central trading point where the Eastern and Western Silk Roads met.
Samarkand
During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential captial city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs.
Caravanserai
inn or rest station for caravans
money economy
an economic system based on money rather than barter
flying cash
Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.
paper money
legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins
Banking Houses
These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods.
bill of exchange
issued by a banker in one city to a merchant who could exchange it for cash in a distant city, thus freeing him from traveling with gold, which was easily stolen
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
Khan
A Mongol ruler
Kuriltai
Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected
Genghis Khan
Founder of the Mongol Empire.
Khanates
Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.
Pax Mongolica
The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.
Batu
ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.
Golden Horde
Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
Moscow
Russia
Hulegu
Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.
Kublai Khan
(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.
Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.
Zhu Yuanzhang
The given name of the Hongwu emperor, the founder of the Ming dynasty
Ming Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
Gobi Desert
A high desert in China and Mongolia.
siege weapons
weapons used to attack castles
cannon
a big gun, especially one mounted on a base or wheels
White Lotus Society
Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.
Malacca (Melaka)
Important Portuguese control area because all commerce went through the strait; controlled the maritime highway. Principal clearinghouse of trade in the eastern Indian Ocean. At Melaka, the Portuguese oversaw shipping between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. Malaysia. Conquered by a Dutch fleet in 1641
Gujarat
Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.
Swahili city-states
dominated trade along the east African coast
Calicut
Great spice port of India where da Gama landed and traded
Spice Islands
Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg
Indian Ocean Basin
connected East Africa, Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia with China and Japan
monsoon winds
seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain
Lateen Sail
triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade
Stern Rudder
a small piece of wood in the back so that you can steer a large vessel more effectively.
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Indian Ocean Slave Trade
E. Africa -> Middle East & India/ Similar conditions to the Atlantic Slave Trade/ Cultural Diffusion
diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
Sundiata
the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.
Songhai Kingdom
Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali; only lasted for about 100 years
Timbuktu
City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.
Trans-Saharan Trade
route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
Sahara Desert
the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa
Oases
Fertile places in dry areas where water is found
Arabian Desert
A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia
Pack animals
an animal used to carry heavy loads
Camel Saddle
An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.
Black Death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
lbn battuta
in 1352 one of mansa musa's successors prepared to receive a traveler and historian
Margery Kempe
The Book of Margery Kempe
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
Urdu
A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.
Hangzhou
Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.
Samarkand
A city in Uzbekistan.
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
bananas
the introduction of a new food crop about 400 CE encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. what was the crop?
sugar
export from the americas
Citrus crops
makes fruits- lemon, lime, oranges, citrus, etc.
degradation
deprivation; poverty; debasement
Overgrazing
Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover
deforestation
Destruction of forests
soil erosion
wearing away of surface soil by water and wind
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