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Communication models

1. The linear or transmission model

2. Interactional model

3. Transactional model

Importance of listening

– most basic of the 4 areas of language development

– first acquired skill of language development

– most frequently used form of verbal communication

Hearing

reception of sound

physiological process of receiving aural and visual stimuli

passive phase of speech reception

apprehension of (to become aware of) sound

Listening

aware, giving attention

physiological process guided and controlled by the habits, attitudes, and conscious intentions of the listening

active phase of speech reception

comprehension of (to understand) aural symbols

Definitions of listening

– “the attachment of meaning to aural symbols”

(Nichols, 1954)

– “the process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning

    to aural stimuli” (Wolvin, 1998)

– “a whole group of mental processes that enable us to interpret

    the meaning of messages”      (Baird and Knower, 1968)

– “the combination of what we hear, what we understand, and

    what we remember”                       (Brooks, 1993)

The nature of listening

1. Dynamic

2. Active

3. Complex

Dynamic

transitional joint responsibility of the speaker and the listener

Active

demands both physical and mental energy

Complex

involves 3 stages (the first of which is hearing)

factors in hearing

1. Auditory acuity

2. Masking

3. Auditory fatigue

Auditory acuity

•  how good you can hear
•  hearing in various frequencies (levels of loudness)

Masking

•  introduction of an interference

•  frequencies may have background noise

Auditory fatigue

•  results from continuous exposure to sounds of certain
  frequencies

Factors in identifying and recognizing

1. Mental reorganization

2. Association

3. Aiding

4. Indexing

5. Noting sequence

6. Forming sensory impressions

7. Appreciating

Mental reorganization

        •  retaining and structuring incoming sounds

Association

linking sounds with previous experiences

Auding

– taking in words and responding with understanding and feeling

Indexing

arranging according to importance

Noting sequence

arranging; more of classifying

Forming sensory impressions

to images on the mind or beyond

Appreciating

responding to aesthetic nature

Types of listening

1. Appreciative listening

2. Comprehensive listening

3. Empathic listening

4. Critical listening

Appreciative listening

– for pleasure, entertainment, and enjoyment

– calls for a receptive attitude and an open and relaxed mind

Comprehensive listening

– to derive information, ideas, facts, and principles

– focuses on accuracy; concentration is needed

Empathic listening

– to understand someone else’s feelings

– senses a therapeutic function

Critical listening

– listening to make an evaluation to make intellectual judgement

10 barriers to effective listening

1. Hastily branding the subject as uninteresting or irrelevant
2. Focusing attention in appearance or delivery (of the speaker)

3. Avoiding difficult and unpleasant material

4. Getting overstimulated by what the speaker says

5. Listening primarily for facts

6. Trying to outline everything the speaker says

7. Faking attention

8. Creating or yielding easily to distractions

9. Engaging in ‘private planning’

10. Wasting the advantages of thought speed

6 guides to effective listening

1. Listen actively

2. Listen with empathy

3. Listen for total meaning

4. Listen with an open mind

5. Give effective feedback

6. Listen critically

Encoder

Sends messages

Decoder

Receives messages

Interpreter

Receives/interprets message

Dual function

Each communicator is both sender and reciever

Why do we communicate

1. Self-definition

2. Relationship-building

3. Fostering acceptance and sense of belonging

4. Concerted action with a purpose

5. Empowerment through knowledge

6. Bonding, strengthening and maintaining human relationships

7. Tolerance of different thought

8. Nation-building

Self-definition

Helps us define ourselves and our environments

Relationship-building

Breaks down barriers between two or more persons, leading to relationships

Fostering acceptance and sense of belonging

Creates bonding in groups and affirms human need to belong

Concerted action with a purpose

Facilitates cooperative action toward goal attainment

Empowerment through knowledge

Informs and enlightens people; helps make deliberate and informed judgement

bonding, maintaining, strengthening and maintaining human relationships

Leads to enduring friendships and intimacy between individuals and groups

Tolerance of differing thought

Primes us to understand and respect cultural diversity

Nation-building

Catalyzes growth and development

Model

1. Representation of structure

2. Object of imitation

3. Accurately resembles something else

Aristotles model

Speaker → speech → audience

Speaker

Delivers the speech

Speech

Message

Audience

Listener

Ethos

Persuasiveness of speaker

Laswell’s three key functions of communication

1. Surveillance

2. Correlation

3. Transmission

Surveillance

Done by political leaders and diplomats, alerts society to dangers and opportunities

Correlation

Journalists, writers, educators, teachers, survey takers; gather, coordinate and integrate society’s responses

Transmission

Home/family, school, church, community; who help preserve, foster and strengthen moral values

Shannon-Weaver Model

Mechanical model, has 5 parts: source, transmitter, receiver, destination and noise

Source

The person (in the example Anika)

Transmitter

The device (in the example the cell phone)

Receiver

Where it is going to (in the example the mom’s phone)

Destination

Who/what is going to receive the message (in the example the mom)

Noise

Any kind of disturbance or obstacle such as delayed reading of texts, poor server, empty battery, poorly constructed messages, and unattended cell phone

Interference (noise)

Any stimuli that interferes with the process of sharing meaning

Physical/external noise

Sights, sounds and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away from the message

Psychological noise

Communicator’s prejudices, desires and prerequisites toward another or the message

Physiological noise

Biological influences on the reception of the message

Semantic noise

Linguistic influences on the reception fo a message (slang, jargon, etc)

Berlo’s requirements of good communication

Berlos model: source, message, channel, receiver

Source

Communication skill, knowledge, attitude, sociocultural system

Message

Element, structure, content, treatment and code

Channel

5 senses

Receiver

same skills as the source, to be able to understand the source

Reusch-Bateson model

Intrapersonal → interpersonal → public

Intrapersonal communication

Occurs in the individual

Interpersonal communication

Between 2 or more persons

Dyadic

Communication between two people

Group

Occurs with 3 or more people

Cultural communication

(Variations: intercultural, multicultural)

Occurs in verbal and non-verbal modes to promote friendship and understanding between two cultures/nations

Mass communication (book)

Communication between a source (speaker) and a wide audience using technology (print: writers and subscribers)

Mass communication

Communication usually occurs between a speaker and an audience with no technology (ex: lecture)

Eugene whites model

Contains 8 stages: thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feedbacking, and monitoring

Thinking

Desire to communicate a need

Symbolizing

Code of oral language he chooses to express himself in

Expressing

Uses their voice and nonverbal language

Transmitting

sound and light hitting the ears and eyes of the listeners

Receiving

Listener’s brains receive and process the sound waves and light waves

Decoding

Listener interprets the speaker’s message with their understanding of the symbols

Feedbacking

Listener behaves in a way that shows understanding (nod, smile, etc.)

Feedback

The reactions and messages that indicate to the sender whether and how the message was heard, seen or interpreted

Monitoring

Speaker watches for signs of being understood, while also receiving feedback about himself from the reaction of the audience

Modes of speech

Contains the verbal mode and non-verbal mode

Verbal mode

Speaker uses voice or vocal mechanism to communicate message

Non-verbal mode

Displays bodily movement like facial expression, eye contact, gestures or stance

Context

Immediate or particular situation; background or social setting, draws on sociocultural systems and norms

Physical context

Location, environmental conditions

Social context

Nature of the relationship between participants

Historical context

Background provided by previous communication

Psychological context

Mood and feelings of each person

Cultural context

Values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations and assumptions prevalent in a society

Oral communication

Process involving persons who exchange meaningful messages in a contextual or systemic, cyclical and dynamic manner

Common misconceptions

1. Speakers are born not made

2. Speakers alone are accountable for effectiveness

3. What we need is more communication

4. Communication breakdowns stop communication

5. Communication consists of words

Communication principles

1. Communication is a process

2. Communication is learned

3. Communication is irreversible

4. Communication is unrepeatable