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1

explain how taking anabolic steroids could improve their performance in sport

  • athlete is faster

  • more muscle contractions

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2

explain 2 effects of anaerobic respiration on the person’s body

  • muscle fatigue caused by lactic acid

  • heavy breathing to provide oxygen needed to break down lactic acid

  • increased heart rate to provide oxygen needed to break down lactic acid

  • fewer muscle contractions because less energy released

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3

explain the effect of a partly locked coronary artery

  • reduced blood flow to heart

    • less o2 to heart

    • less glucose to heart

  • less aerobic respiration

    • more anaerobic respiration

    • less energy

  • less muscle contraction

    • less blood around the body

    • less co2 removed from body

    • therefore breathlessness and tiredness

  • anaerobic respiration causes production of lactic acid

    • causes muscle fatigue

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4

In a person with CF, cells lining the lungs and digestive system create too much mucus.

The mucus can:

• block the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestine

• block the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs.

Explain why children with CF grow more slowly than children without CF.

  • fewer enzymes enter small intestine so enzyme break down less food

    • therefore less absorption of nutrients

    • so less glucose can enter blood stream

    • less glucose available for respiration

    • less absorption of nutrients so less amino acids can enter the blood stream so less protein is made for growth

  • less oxygen enters blood stream so less available for aerobic respiration

    • less energy released for growth

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5

Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium deficiency symptoms include:

• yellow leaves

• stunted growth.

Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms

  • yellow leaves due to lack of chlorophyll

  • less light absorbed

  • lower rate of photosynthesis

  • plant makes less glucose

  • plant converts less glucose into protein so growth is stunted

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6

An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.

Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars after feeding.

  • aphid had been feeding from the phloem

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7

what condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?

irregular heart beat

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8

Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein.

  • arteries have a thicker layer of muscle

  • arteries have a thicker layer of elastic tissue

  • arteries have a narrower lumen

  • arteries do not have valves but veins have valves

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9

Some athletes train at high altitude. Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm3 of blood.

Explain why having more red blood cells per cm3 of blood is an advantage to an athlete.

  • more haemoglobin

  • more oxygen can be transported

  • more aerobic respiration

  • more energy released for muscles

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10

name 2 other substances, not urea, that is transported in the blood plasma

  • co2

  • water

  • glucose

  • lactic acid

  • amino acids

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11

what is an enzyme

  • chemical which catalyses biological reactions

  • protein

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12

An axolotl may not be a suitable animal to study when researching regeneration in human tissue.

Suggest one reason why

  • not a mammal

  • metabolism processes are too different

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13

Suggest two reasons why the rate of water loss in both plants increased

  • warmer

  • light intensity higher

  • less humid

  • windier

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14

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere

  • water is transported in xylem

  • water evaporates from leaves through the stomata

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15

Water moves from a plant to the atmosphere through the leaves.

How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled?

  • guard cells opening and closing the stomata

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16

Where in the human body are the chemical reactions involved in the normal breakdown of some types box of amino acid inside body cells most likely to occur?

liver

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17
<p>Explain why the blood of a person with MSUD will have a high concentration of toxic substance P.</p>

Explain why the blood of a person with MSUD will have a high concentration of toxic substance P.

  • cannot break down toxic substance

  • the toxic substance still made

  • toxic substance diffuses into the blood

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18
<p>Explain why the urine of a person with MSUD will have a high concentration of toxic substance P.</p>

Explain why the urine of a person with MSUD will have a high concentration of toxic substance P.

  • toxic substance passes through filter in kidney

  • some not reabsorbed

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19
<p>Explain why a person with MSUD must have a low-protein diet.</p>

Explain why a person with MSUD must have a low-protein diet.

  • proteins are made of amino acids

  • must keep amino acids in low amount

  • so toxic substance does not build up in body and cause damage to cells

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20

Which environmental conditions would cause the rate of transpiration to be greatest in a plant?

warm with low humidity

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21
<p>The changes in the mean width of the stomata in normal conditions are an advantage to the plant. </p><p>Explain how.</p>

The changes in the mean width of the stomata in normal conditions are an advantage to the plant.

Explain how.

  • stomata closed at night because there is no light for photosynthesis

  • closing stomata prevents water loss

  • stomata open wide at midday at maximum light intensity for photosynthesis

  • stomata open wide to take in more co2 for photosynthesis

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22
<p>The changes in the mean width of the stomata in low atmospheric carbon dioxide are different from the changes in normal conditions.</p><p>Explain how the difference helps the plant to survive in low atmospheric carbon dioxide.</p>

The changes in the mean width of the stomata in low atmospheric carbon dioxide are different from the changes in normal conditions.

Explain how the difference helps the plant to survive in low atmospheric carbon dioxide.

  • stomata are open wider and for more time

  • this allows plant to take in more co2 for photosynthesis

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23
<p>evaluate the use of burgers made from meat compared with meat free burgers in providing humans with a healthy, balanced diet.</p>

evaluate the use of burgers made from meat compared with meat free burgers in providing humans with a healthy, balanced diet.

  • meat free burgers contain more fibre which aids digestion

  • meat burgers contain more protein for growth

  • meat burgers contain more fat which can cause CHD

    • may lead to needing stent

    • may lead to obesity

    • obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes

  • meat burgers contain more cholesterol

    • cause chd

    • lead to needing a stent

    • need to take statins

  • both burgers have similar amounts of carbs which are good for providing energy

  • no info on vitamins

  • meat burgers require animals to be farmed which increases methane which contributes to global warming

  • some people won’t eat meat free burgers because they do not like fungus or prefer taste of meat

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24

where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

stomach

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25

which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

biuret reagent

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26

Explain why the iodine solution remained blue-black in the investigation at 80 °C.

  • enzyme is denatured

  • so starch is not broken down

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27

Name the three parts of the human digestive system that produce amylase.

  1. small intestine

  2. salivary gland

  3. pancreas

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28

When a stent is fitted the doctor gives the patient an injection of anti-clotting drugs.

The patient then takes one anti-clotting tablet every day.

Anti-clotting drugs:

• are very effective

• can take a week to begin working fully

• have been used for over 60 years

• cost very little to make

• do not work effectively if the patient eats certain types of food.

The patient must have their blood tested every few weeks to check that the anti-clotting drugs are working.

Evaluate the use of anti-clotting drugs in patients who have had a stent fitted.

advantages:

  • only have to take tablet once a day

  • the drug is effective so it is less likely to get a blood clot

disadvantages:

  • patients could forget to take the drug

  • patients could still get a blood clot in the first week

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29

Explain how amylase breaks down starch.

Answer in terms of the ‘lock and key theory’.

substrate binds to active site because the shape of the active site and substrate are complementary. a chemical reaction occurs to produce smaller molecules.

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30
<p>What conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on amylase activity between 20 °C and 65 °C?</p>

What conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on amylase activity between 20 °C and 65 °C?

as the temperature increases, the activity increases to 35, after which activity decreases

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31
<p>Explain the results at 5 °C and at 80 °C.</p>

Explain the results at 5 °C and at 80 °C.

  • iodine is not yellow brown because starch is still present at 5C because the starch have low kinetic energy therefore there are fewer collisions

  • at 80, the amylase is denatured so the starch can no longer fit

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32

The student investigated the effect of temperature on amylase activity.

Describe how the student could extend the investigation to determine the effect of a different factor on amylase activity.

  • keep temperature constant but change pH and test a range of values

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33

Describe what happens to cells when a tumour forms.

cells grow uncontrollably

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34

Some types of cancer can cause the numbers of blood components in a person’s body to fall to a dangerously low level.

A person with one of these types of cancer may experience symptoms such as:

• tiredness

• frequent infections

• bleeding that will not stop after the skin is cut.

Explain how a very low number of blood components in the body can cause these symptoms.

tiredness

  • fewer rbc so less haemoglobin and therefore there is less oxygen transported around the body

  • so less respiration can take place therefore less energy released for metabolic processes

frequent infections

  • fewer wbc

  • so fewer antibodies produce and so fewer pathogens killed

bleeding

  • fewer platelets so blood does not clot as easily

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35
<p>It is dangerous for a patient with blood group A to receive red blood cells from a donor with blood group B.</p><p>Explain why.</p>

It is dangerous for a patient with blood group A to receive red blood cells from a donor with blood group B.

Explain why.

  • anti - b antibodies in the receiver will bind to type B antigens on the donor’s rbc

  • so rbc clump together and block capillaries

  • so cells cannot respire

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36
<p>Explain why blood group O red blood cells can be given to patients with any blood group.</p>

Explain why blood group O red blood cells can be given to patients with any blood group.

no antigens so antibodies cannot bind

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37

A person has a tumour blocking the tube leading from the gall bladder to the small intestine.

Explain why this person would have difficulty digesting fat.

  • no bile reaches the small intestine

  • so no emulsification of fat

  • so smaller sa for lipase to break down fat

  • pH of small intestine is not neutralised

  • so lipase is not at its optimum pH to break down fat

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38
<p>Explain the ways the man’s body has responded to the exercise</p>

Explain the ways the man’s body has responded to the exercise

  • his heart rate increased to provide more oxygen and glucose

  • his breathing rate increased so more oxygen is brought to the blood and more carbon dioxide is removed

  • more oxygen to muscles is needed for increased respiration to release energy for muscle contraction

  • anaerobic respiration occurs due to the lack of oxygen which causes muscle fatigue

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39

Explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function.

thick muscle walls to push blood all around the body

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40

a red blood cell has no nucleus. why?

can carry more haemoglobin/oxygen

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41

a red blood cell has haemoglobin. why?

to bind to oxygen

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42

Explain how the human lungs are adapted for efficient exchange of gases by diffusion.

  • there are many alveoli therefore it provides a larger surface area to volume ratio

  • the capillaries are thin which provides short diffusion path

  • breathing moves air in and out to bring oxygen in and to remove carbon dioxide

    • therefore maintaining a concentration gradient

  • there is a large capillary network around the alveoli meaning it has good blood supply to remove oxygenated blood quickly to bring co2 to the lungs quickly

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43

Nitrate ions need a different method of transport into the root hair cell. Explain how the nitrate ions in Figure 3 are transported into the root hair cell.

  • active transport because energy is needed to move particles from a lower conc to a higher conc

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44

Which two products are formed when lipids are broken down?

fatty acids and glycerol

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45

Explain the ‘lock and key theory’ of enzyme action.

Use information from the diagram above in your answer.

  1. enzyme binds to the substrate because they are complementary

  2. substrate is broken down into products

  3. products are released

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46

Why does each different type of lipase act on only one specific type of lipid molecule?

each active site has a specific shape

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47

Describe how the students would find out if the liquid from the leaf contained starch.

  • add iodine solution

  • it changes colour to blue from yellow

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48

Describe how the students would find out if the liquid from the leaf contained glucose.

  • use benedict’s solution and boil

  • if the colour changes from blue to yellow/green/orange/brown/red, glucose is present

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49

Explain why the leaf in the light for four days contained both glucose and starch.

  • glucose is from photosynthesis

  • excess glucose is converted into starch

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50

Explain why the leaf left in a cupboard with no light for two days did contain glucose but did not contain starch.

  • starch have been converted to glucose

  • glucose is used for respiration because there is no light to make more glucose by photosynthesis

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51

Suggest one way the students could develop the investigation to find out more about glucose and starch production in plants.

  • test other species of plant

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52

Suggest one aspect of the survey which might reduce validity.

may change habits

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53

Describe the effects of liver failure on the human body.

  • no bile made

    • fats not emulsified

    • sa of fats not increased

    • ph of small intestine will not be alkaline

    • enzymes will not work effectively

    • lose weight

  • lactic acids not broken down

    • accumulation of lactic acid

    • lactic acid is toxic

    • oxygen debt higher

    • so muscle pain

  • amino acids will not be broken down

    • not deaminated

    • not made into urea or not forming ammonia

    • if ammonia is formed, it will be toxic

    • accumulation of amino acids

  • liver does not break down other toxins

    • toxins accumulate

    • body will be poisoned

    • pain/jaundice/swollen liver

  • glycogen stores will not be formed

    • cannot control blood glucose

    • so diabetes/hyperglycemia

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54

Which type of blood vessel contains valves?

veins

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55

Suggest two reasons why a patient may choose a mechanical valve and not a biological valve from a pig.

  1. no risk of rejection

  2. long lasting

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56

Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.

  • backflow of blood occurs

  • less blood leaves the heart so less oxygen is supplied to cells

    • less aerobic respiration

    • less energy released

    • less efficient muscle contraction

  • anaerobic respiration takes place

    • less removal of lactic acid and therefore oxygen debt occurs and causes muscle fatigue

  • less efficient removal of co2

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57

Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart valves.

mechanical

  • longer lasting

  • blood clots more likely

  • patient has to take anti clotting medication

  • medication can lead to excessive bleeding

  • survival rate at 5 years is slightly higher

  • lower percentage of deaths due to heart related problems

biological

  • no additional medication required

  • ethical issues surrounding the use of animal tissue

  • valve may harden

  • more likely to need another valve

  • more likely to be rejected

  • more likely to need immunosuppressants

both

  • both are readily available

  • little wait time

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58

Define the term double circulatory system

  • blood is pumped to the lungs by one side of the heart

  • blood is pumped to the body by the other side of the heart

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59

Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less efficient than having two ventricles.

  • oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes therefore less oxygen reaches the body

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60

Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen

  • concentration gradient is less steep

  • less oxygen diffuses into blood

  • less aerobic respiration occurs so less energy released

  • less metabolism

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61

What is an enzyme?

  • speeds up reactions in living organisms and is a protein

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62

Name two other organs in the digestive system that produce carbohydrase.

  1. small intestine

  2. salivary gland

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63

Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight.

  • reduced enzyme production

  • food is not broken down fully

  • less glucose is absorbed

  • less glucose available for respiration so more fat is used up in metabolism

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64
<p>Scientists have developed a drug that inhibits enzyme A. </p><p>The drug is given to pancreatic cancer patients who have the gene mutation that stops cancer cells producing enzyme B. </p><p>The drug only targets cancer cells. </p><p>Explain why the drug can be used to treat pancreatic cancer in patients with the gene mutation. Use information from the figure above</p>

Scientists have developed a drug that inhibits enzyme A.

The drug is given to pancreatic cancer patients who have the gene mutation that stops cancer cells producing enzyme B.

The drug only targets cancer cells.

Explain why the drug can be used to treat pancreatic cancer in patients with the gene mutation. Use information from the figure above

  • cancer cells cannot divide

  • tumour does not grow

  • because enzyme a and b are not working

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65

Give reasons why a placebo and a double-blind trial were used.

placebo = avoid the patients thinking they feel better with the drug

double blind trial = to avoid bias

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66

A monoclonal antibody has been produced to treat pancreatic cancer. Explain how the monoclonal antibody works to treat pancreatic cancer

  • monoclonal antibody is attached to a radioactive substance

  • monoclonal antibody will only attach antigen on cancer cells

  • so radioactive substance will stop them growing

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67

Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein. Give the reason for any safety precautions you would take.

  • grind up the food

  • add biuret reagent to food sample

  • protein turns solution from blue to purple

  • wear google to protect eyes

  • clean up spills immediately because biuret reagent is an irritant

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68

suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with coronary heart disease.

  • they are narrower

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69

Describe how a student could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and different types of carbohydrate.

  • biuret reagent tests for protein

  • add biuret reagent to milk

  • solution will turn from blue to lilac if positive

  • iodine solution tests for starch

  • add iodine to milk

  • solution will turn from orange to blue black

  • benedicts reagent tests for sugars

  • add benedicts reagent to milk and heat

  • solution will turn from blue to brick red if positive

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70
<p>Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless.</p>

Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless.

  • lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids

  • fatty acids lower the pH

  • fatty acids cause the pH to be below 10

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71
<p>Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 2.</p>

Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 2.

  • bile emulsifies fats

  • creates a larger sa of fat

  • lipase can break down fat to produce fatty acids more quickly

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72

What is a tissue?

  • a group of cells with a similar function

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73

Name the blood vessel that transports blood from the body to the right atrium.

vena cava

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74

Describe the route taken by oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body cells.

  • blood travels through the pulmonary vein from the lungs

  • then enters the left atrium

  • then enters the left ventricle

  • the blood leaves the heart via the aorta to the body cells

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75

Explain how the villi and the alveoli are adapted to absorb molecules into the bloodstream.

  • both have large sa

  • villi have many microvilli

  • alveolar walls are not flat

    • to maximise diffusion

  • both have many capillaries

    • to maintain the concentration gradient

  • both have thin walls

    • provide short diffusion distance

  • villi have many mitochondria

    • provide energy for active transport

  • cells of the villi have microvilli

    • further increase sa

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76

Explain how amylase breaks down starch.

  • substrate fits into the active site

  • shape of the active site is complementary to substrate

  • bonds within starch are broken

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77

The concentration of starch in the solution at 20 °C after 1 minute is different from the concentration at 40 °C after 1 minute. Explain why

  • starch is broken down less quickly at 20C

  • at 20C enzymes have less energy

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78

Amylase is the enzyme that controls the breakdown of starch to glucose. Describe how the student could investigate the effect of pH on the breakdown of starch by amylase.

  • range of at least 3 pH values

  • keep amount of starch and amylase the same

  • keep temp the same using a water bath

  • use iodine test to make qualitative observations

  • observe colour changes at diff temps

  • do repeats each pH

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79
<p>Explain why the concentration of glucose in the small intestine changes between 100 cm and 300 cm.</p>

Explain why the concentration of glucose in the small intestine changes between 100 cm and 300 cm.

  • carbohydrates broken down by carbohydrase or amylase

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80
<p>Explain why the concentration of glucose in the small intestine changes between 300 cm and 700 cm.</p>

Explain why the concentration of glucose in the small intestine changes between 300 cm and 700 cm.

  • absorption into blood by active transport

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81

Explain how the human circulatory system is adapted to:

• supply oxygen to the tissues

• remove waste products from tissues.

  • double circulatory system which means that it has higher blood pressure and a greater flow of blood o tissues

  • heart pumps blood to lungs in pulmonary artery so that oxygen can diffuse into blood from air in alveoli

  • blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein where muscles pump blood to the body via the aorta

  • oxygen carried by rbc which contain haemoglobin to bind oxygen and have no nucleus so there is more space to carry oxygen

  • thin walls allow for easy diffusion to cells

  • large sa of capillaries to maximise exchange

  • blood goes back to the heart in veins which have valves to prevent backflow

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82

In which part of a cell will most enzymes work

cytoplasm

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83

What is the main type of tissue in the heart wall?

muscle

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84

Describe how the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

  • does not have valves

  • has thicker walls

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85

A comparison is made between blood taken from an artery in the leg and blood taken from a vein in the leg. Give two differences in the composition of the blood

  1. artery has more oxygen

  2. artery has less co2

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86

Describe how ions, water and sugar are obtained and transported through plants.

In your answer you should refer to materials moving upwards in a plant and to materials moving downwards in a plant.

ions

  • p is taken up by active transport, this from an area of low to high concentration

  • v travels in the xylem

  • m travels to the leaves

water

  • p is taken up by osmosis, it is from an area of low to high concentration

  • v travels in the xylem

  • m to the leaves

  • p travels in the transpiration stream

  • movement replaces water as it evaporates from leaves

sugar:

  • p is made during photosynthesis

  • v travels in the phloem

  • m to other parts of the plant

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87

Would you recommend statins or aspirin for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases?

In your answer you should:

• give your recommendation

• use information from the table to support your recommendation by making comparisons of the two drugs.

  • i recommend statins!

  • there are more people in studies so the data is more repeatable

  • it reduces cholesterol but aspirin does not

  • aspirin may cause bleeding but statins do not

  • there is a smaller percentage that suffer side effects

  • it is monitored by a doctor and aspirins are not

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