Review of Manual Testing Part-1

According to the transcript, what is the definition of Software?

A collection of computer programs that helps us to perform tasks.

What are the three types of software mentioned in the lecture?

1. System Software 2. Programming Software 3. Application Software (e.g., Desktop apps, Web applications, mobile apps).

What is the primary objective of Software Testing?

To detect and identify defects in the software in order to release a quality product to the client.

What five criteria define Software Quality?

1. Bug-free 2. Delivered on time 3. Within budget 4. Meets requirements and/or expectations 5. Maintainable.

Distinguish between a 'Project' and a 'Product' in software development.

A Project is a software application developed for a specific customer based on requirements, while a Product is developed for multiple customers based on market requirements.

What is the focus of Quality Assurance ($QA$)?

It deals with the 'prevention' of defects in the product being developed.

What is the focus of Quality Control ($QC$)?

Its focus is defect detection and removal; Testing is considered a quality control activity.

Define an 'Error' in basic testing concepts.

Human mistakes or characteristics of human actions, specifically indirect human action such as omission or commission.

What is a 'Bug' or 'Defect'?

An issue related to the application that shows a deviation from the expected actual behavior.

How is a 'Failure' defined differently than a bug in these notes?

A deviation that was identified by the end-user after some time using the app.

What are the five reasons why software has bugs?

1. Miscommunication or No communication 2. Software Complexity 3. Programming Errors 4. Changing requirements 5. Lack of skilled Testers.

What is a 'Desk Check'?

A verification technique conducted by the author of the artifact to verify the completeness of their own work.

What is 'Benchmarking'?

Comparing your company’s products, services, or processes against best practices or competitive practices to help define superior performance.

Define 'Black-box Testing'.

A test technique that focuses on testing the functionality of the program component or application against its specifications without knowledge of how the system is constructed.

Name the six Black-box Testing Techniques listed in the transcript.

1. Equivalence Partitioning 2. Boundary Value Analysis 3. Decision Table Testing 4. State Transition Testing 5. Use Case Testing 6. Error Guessing.

Explain 'Equivalence Partitioning'.

A test technique that utilizes a subset of data that is representative of a larger class.

In Boundary Value Analysis ($BVA$), what five values are typically chosen?

1. Minimum 2. Just above the minimum 3. A nominal value 4. Just below the maximum 5. Maximum.

What are the four parts of a Decision Table?

1. Condition Stubs 2. Action Stubs 3. Condition Entries 4. Action Entries.

What is 'State Transition Testing'?

A technique that exhibits the various states of a scenario/system and the possible transitions between them.

Define 'Error Guessing'.

A technique for picking test data values likely to cause defects based on the intuition and experience of the tester.

When does 'Integration Testing' begin and what is its purpose?

It begins after two or more programs/components have been successfully unit tested; it validates the interaction and flow of information between individual components.

What are the types of Integration Testing mentioned?

Big Bang Approach and Incremental Approach (Top Down, Bottom Up, and Sandwich).

What is 'White Box Testing'?

A technique focusing on the internal structure of a test object, analyzing lines of code rather than just inputs and outputs.

What is '100\% Decision coverage'?

A measure indicating that all decision directions in the code have been executed at least once during testing.

Distinguish between Static Analysis and Dynamic Analysis.

Static Analysis is a manual approach involving code reviews or 'eyeballing' the code without execution, while Dynamic Analysis is performed by executing the program code.

What are 'Exit criteria'?

Standards for work product quality which block the promotion of incomplete or defective work products to subsequent stages of the development process.

Define 'Static testing' in the context of testing scope.

Testing that does not involve the execution of the component, such as code reviews, requirements reviews, and design reviews.

What is the primary objective of '