The Human Genome Project

Flashcards about the Human Genome Project lecture notes.

Human Genome Project (HGP)

An international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings.

Genome

All our genes together.

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)

Started to be used in the Human Genome Project in 1990.

1991

Low-resolution microsatellite gene maps, called the 2nd Generation Human Genome Map, were created.

1994

The first genetically modified food FLAVR SAVR tomato was allowed for sale, and the Microbe Genome Project began.

Physical Map

Gives the position of a gene locus and its distance from other genes on the same chromosome in true values as base pairs relative to specific positions on the chromosome.

Genetic Map

Indicates the relative position of the gene locus in relation to the recombination unit or recombination frequency expressed in centimorgan (cM). One cM is equivalent to 1% recombination frequency.

1996

Mouse genetic map was completed, Yeast genome was sequenced, Archaea genome was sequenced, and Dolly was cloned.

Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)

Human gene map expressing 16,000 genes was created in 1996.

1998

CELERA GENOMICS company announced their sequencing plan, and the SACGT committee was established for Genetic Tests.

SNP

Single nucleotide polymorphism; Initiative started in 1998.

2000

Fruit fly genome was sequenced and Sequencing of chromosome 21 was completed.

2002

America's Department of Energy announced that $ 103 billion has been allocated to Postgenomic research for 5 years.

2003

Chromosome 14 was sequenced. 14 genes on this chromosome have been associated with the immune response. 60 genes were found to be associated with Alzheimer's, Leukemia and ovarian cancer.

Human genome nucleotides

The human genome consists of 3,164,700,000 nucleotides.

Gene average nucleotide consist

A gene consists of an average of 3,000 nucleotides.

Dystrophin gene

Known as the largest gene known, it contains 2.4 million bases.

Total number of genes

Is between 29,000-36,000.

Human Nucleotide sequence similarity

99% of the nucleotide sequences are the same in all humans.

Identified change sites

Up to 1.5 million single nucleotide change sites have been identified in humans.

Percentage of genome encoding proteins

Approximately 2% of the genome encodes proteins.

Chromosome 1

The highest number of genes (2,968) is present on chromosome 1

Y chromosome

The least number of genes (231) are present on the Y chromosome.

Alternative mRNA cuts (alternative splicing)

The same gene can encode different proteins due to alternative mRNA cuts (alternative splicing) and chemical changes.