HS 201 Final Exam Review

Agronomy

Science and technology of crops

Olericulture

Vegetable growing

Pomology

Fruit growing

Viticulture

Grape growing

Vegetables (botanical)

Stems, roots, and leaves

Vegetables (culinary)

Produce that is the savory part of the meal

Brambles

Fruits that grow on thorny bushes ex. raspberries

Floriculture

Flower growing

Wholesale Growers

Producing commodities on a large scale and selling to retailers

Green Industry

The business of growing and utilizing plants

Balled & Burlapped (B&B)

Shipping and selling plants with the root ball and surrounding soil contained.

Bare Root

Shipping and selling plants with dirt stripped off the roots

Pot-in-Pot

Growing plants in a container placed into another container in the ground

Propagation

Reproducing plants

Interiorscaping

Using plants to decorate indoor spaces

Turfgrass/Sod

Ground cover that comes in rolls or is grown from seed across large areas

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Using a combination of sustainable approaches to pest control that minimizes risk to the surroundings

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Organization responsible for regulating and supporting agriculture and food production.

Organic

Grown using a specific criterion, primarily excluding the use chemical additives or pesticides.

Community Supported Agriculture

Farmers are paid in advance for shares of their crop to be sold locally

Evapotranspiration

Arborist

Someone who works with and studies trees

Evapotranspiration

Water being pulled through a plant as water evaporates from the leaves

Carl Von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

Historical figure in plant classification and binomial nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature

Writing the scientific names of plants as ‘Genus species’

Floral morphology

Classifying plants based on the physical structure of their flowers

Domain of plants

Eukaryotes

Kingdom of plants

Plantae

Autotroph

Organism that produces its own food

Phylums of plants

Nonvascular, vascular (seedless), and seeded (angiosperms or gymnosperms)

Nonvascular plants

No roots, reproduce with spores ex. moss

Angiosperms

Flowering plants

Gymnosperms

Non flowering plants, typically use cones to reproduce

Filicinae

Class of ferns

Dicots

Plants that grow with two cotyledons

Cotyledon

First leaf/leaves of a plant

Order

Level of classification that typically ends in “-ales”

Family

Level of classification typically ending in “-aceae”

Genus

First part of binomial nomenclature

Species

Basic unit of biological classification

King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

Pneumonic device for remembering levels of biological classification

Variety

Differences in morphology within a species that have evolved naturally

Cultivar

Differences in morphology within a species that has been selectively breed

Dichotomous Key

structure used to determine a species morphologically

Herbarium

Collection of pressed plants stored for preservation

Paleobotany

The study of plant fossils

Organelles

Structures within a cell that serve a specific function for the cell

Cell Wall

Organelle that holds structure and is made of cellulose

Cell Membrane

Plasma layer that dictates what travels in and out of a cell

Cytoplasm

Substance that fills the inside of a cell

Chromosomes

Condensed structures of DNA created during cellular division and reproduction

Chloroplasts

Organelle that performs photosynthesis

Carotenoid

Pigment in chloroplasts that reflects red, orange, and yellow light

Chlorophyll

Pigment in plants that reflects green light

Chromoplasts

Responsible for the colors of roots, flowers, and fruits

Mitochondria

Organelle that performs cellular respiration and metabolic processes

Vacuoles

Organelle that holds water and takes up to 90% of space in a plant cell

Cell Sap

Water containing ions and solutes in plant cell vacuoles

Turgor Pressure

The force excerpted on plant cell walls from water inside the cell

Stomata

Pores on leaves that open and close to regulate moisture loss and gas exchange

Oil Bodies

lipid droplets in seeds that give them their energy

Cytoskeleton

Filament and motor proteins that fold and twist to keep parts of cell in place

Meristematic Cells

Cells that divide to form new tissue growth

Apical meristem

Areas of rapid plant growth

Vascular Cambium

Area responsible for growth inside plant stems

Epidermis

Outside layer of plant used to protect from environmental stress

Guard Cells

Cells that surround and open and close stomata

Cuticle

Waxy epidermal cells that control water loss, thicker in plants from arid climates

Periderm

AKA bark, outside layer of woody plants that protects cambial layers

Phloem

Allow for the flow of photosynthetic products through a plant

Xylem

Conduct water and nutrients up from the roots of a plant

Parenchyma

Main tissue of plants

Mesophyll

Inside layer of leaves

Collenchyma

Cells with thickened cell walls around veins of leaves ex. celery

Sclerenchyma

Tissue that provides structure to stems and fruit ex. pears

Taproot System

Root structure with one central root ex. root vegetables

Fibrous Roots

Root structure made of many small roots

Nodes

Spot on the stem where leaves develop

Internodes

Space between spots on stems where leaves grow

Lateral Buds

Buds found along stems

Terminal Buds

Buds found on the ends of stems

Axillary Buds

Buds that grow in corners between stems

Altnerate Arrangement

Leaves or buds emerging on opposite sides of a stem one at a time

Opposite Arrangement

Leaves or buds emerge from a stem in pairs

Whorled Arrangement

Leaves or buds emerge in a circular pattern

Corm

Short underground stems that are buds for some flowers ex. gladiolus

Bulb

Large underground buds that can be tunicate (tulips, onions) or scaly (lilies)

Rhizomes

Horizontal underground stems ex. ginger

Stolon

Horizontal stems that run along the ground ex. strawberries

Runner

Stems that form a new plant at the tip ex. spider plants

Crown

The stem area at the soil surface

Spur

woody plant stem with short internodes, develops into fruiting tissue

Sucker

Specialized stem structure of asparagus

Tendril

Flexible stems that curl ex. squash family

Cladophyll

Flattened stem for photosynthesis ex. prickly pear cactus

Blade

Flat part of a leaf

Petiole

Base of leaf that connects it to the stem

Leaflet

Subset of a leaf that make up a complex leaf arrangement

Pinnate Venation

Veins that grow out from a central vein along the center of a leaf

Palmate Venation

Veins that grow branching from a central point