CHAPTER 6 - PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARSDEV PSYCHOLOGY

personality

- the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique.

Emotions

- Such as fear, are subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.

Social smiling

- Around 6-8 weeks of age, the smile typically first appear

- when newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents, develops in the 2nd month of life

Anticipatory smiling

- In which infants smile at an object and then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile—rises sharply between 8 and 10 months and seems to be among the first types of communication in which the infant refers to an object or experience.

Self-conscious emotions

- such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, arise only after children have developed self-awareness

self-awareness

- Realization that one's existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things.

self-evaluative emotions

- Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.

empathy

- Ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels.

mirror neurons

- Neurons that fire when a person does something or observes someone else doing the same thing.

temperament

- Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.

easy children

- Children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences.

difficult children

- Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.

slow-to-warm-up children

- Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences.

goodness of fit

- Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament

gender

- Significance of being male or female.

Gender typing

- Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

Trust Vs. Mistrust

- Erik Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants have a sense of reliability to people and objects

- According to Erikson, the first psychosocial crisis that infants must resolve is?

- During the first year of life, infants develop this when caregivers consistently provide love and comfort and meet their basic needs

attachment

- A reciprocal, enduring tie between two people, especially between an infant and a caregiver.

- Each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

Strange Situation

- Laboratory technique used to study infant attachment.

secure attachment

- Pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress.

avoidant attachment

- Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on their return.

ambivalent (resistant) attachment

- Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both seeks and resists contact on their return.

EXAMPLE: when a baby cries intensely upon a parent's departure, but upon their return, frantically seeks comfort while simultaneously pushing the parent away, arching their back, or angrily slapping away offered toys

disorganized-disoriented attachment

- Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on their return.

EXAMPLE: when an upset baby falls and crawls toward their returning parent for comfort, they suddenly freeze, slap the floor, or turn around and back away in a dazed, confused state.

stranger anxiety

- Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the 1st year.

separation anxiety

- Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.

mutual regulation

- Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.

interactional synchrony

-The synchronized coordination of behavior and affect between a caregiver and an infant.

still-face paradigm

- Experimental methodology in which a parent first interacts typically with their child, then keeps their face still and expressionless, and then ends with a return to typical behavior;

- used to demonstrate interactional synchrony

social referencing

- Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person's perception of it.

self-concept

- Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.

socialization

- Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society

internalization

- During socialization, the process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.

self-regulation

- A child's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

conscience

- Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one's conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.

situational compliance

- Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.

committed compliance

- Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses.

receptive cooperation

- Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.

physical abuse

- Action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury.

neglect

- Failure to meet a dependent's basic needs.

sexual abuse

- Physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person.

emotional maltreatment

- Rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.

sex tracking

- The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act.

Hope

- Which basic virtue develops when an infant successfully resolves the trust vs. mistrust crisis?

- Erikson believed that successfully resolving the first psychosocial crisis develops the virtue of?