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Wave
is a disturbance that propagates energy from one place to another without transporting any matter.
Mechanical wave
is a wave that is an oscillation of matter and is responsible for the transfer of energy through a medium. The distance of the wave’s propagation is limited by the medium of transmission.
Longitudinal waves
In this type of wave, the movement of the particles is parallel to the motion of the energy, i.e. the displacement of the medium is in the same direction in which the wave is moving.
Transverse waves
When the movement of the particles is at right angles or perpendicular to the motion of the energy, then this type of wave is known as a transverse wave. Light is an example of a transverse wave. Water waves are an example of a combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions.
Surface waves
In this type, the particles travel in a circular motion. These waves usually occur at interfaces. Waves in the ocean and ripples in a cup of water are examples of such waves.
Wavelength
is the distance between two successive points that are in phase.
Amplitude
refers to the maximum displacement of particles from their rest or equilibrium position.
Frequency
refers to the number of complete cycles or oscillations a wave undergoes in one second.
The wave equation
represents the relationship between the speed of a wave, its frequency, and its wavelength.
Periodic Wave
A wave that has a continually repeating pattern, made up of cycles, such as a particle oscillating around an equilibrium point.
Amplitude
The maximum absolute value of periodically varying quantity.
Amplitude (A)
meter(m) for displacement
• pascal(Pa) for pressure
• volt per meter (V/m) or Newton per coulomb (N/C) for electric field
Period (T)
The time between successive cycles of a repeating sequence of events.
• SI unit of period is second(s)
• Formula is T=1/f
Frequency (f)
The number of cycles of a repeating sequence of events in a unit interval of time
• SI unit of frequency is the hertz.
• Formula is f=1/T, where T is the Period.
Wavelength
The distance between any point on a periodic wave and next nearest point corresponding to the same portion of the wave
• SI unit is the meter(m)
Speed (V)
Waves propagate with a finite speed (sometimes called the wave speed.
• SI unit of speed is the meter per second (m/s)
• Formula is v=f(lambda)
Periodic transverse wave
Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
• Examples: Light waves, radio waves, waves of strings (guitar) and ripples/waves
Periodic longitudinal wave
Oscillations that are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
• Examples: Sound waves and seismic p waves.
Compression
It is where the particles are close together.
Rarefaction
It is where the particles are spread out.
Wave function
is a mathematical expression that describes the motion of a wave.
Sinusoidal wave
is a periodic wave whose waveform (shape) is the trigonometric sine function.
negative sign
means the wave is travelling in the +x direction.
positive sign
means the wave is traveling in the -x direction