AP hug

Centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

Centrifugal force

An attitude or force that divides people and states.

Centripetal nationalism

Nationalism that brings people together for a common cause.

Centrifugal nationalism

Nationalism that leads to different nationalities dividing from each other.

Ethnic cleansing

The process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one to create an ethnically homogeneous region.

Superimposed boundaries

Boundaries drawn by European states during the Berlin Conference with little regard for existing ethnicities.

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that of a particular ethnicity that has become a nationality.

Multiethnic state

A state that contains more than one ethnicity.

Self-determination

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Centripetal and centrifugal forces in Yugoslavia

Nationalism acted as both a unifying and dividing force within Yugoslavia.

Impact of colonialism in Africa

Colonialism and imperialism influenced culture, language, and political landscape, often leading to conflict.

Ethnic conflict in Sudan

Conflicts in Sudan were largely due to non-Arab ethnicities and government repression.

Hutus vs. Tutsis in Rwanda

The genocide led by Hutus against Tutsis in 1994 stemmed from political and ethnic tensions.

Nationalism in Ireland

Irish nationalism led to the Republic of Ireland's separation from the UK, leading to conflict with Northern Ireland.

Language's role in ethnic relations

Language can unite groups with a common communication but may also alienate those who do not share it.

Religion's dual role

Religion can be a unifying force within a group or a dividing factor between differing beliefs.

Conflict in South Asia over Kashmir

Ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan due to historical territorial disputes.

Federalist vs Unitary State

Federalist systems prevent ethnic conflict by sharing power, while unitary systems centralize it.