IvyTech - A&P 101 Midterm

Anatomy and Physiology

study of the structure of human body and how it works

Append

to hang something

Cardi

heart

Cerebr

brain

Cran

helmet

Dors

back

Homeo

same

-logy

the study of

Meta

change

Nas

nose

Orb

circle

Pariet

wall

Pelv

basin

Peri

around

Pleur

rib

-stasis

standing still

super

above

-tomy

cutting

Anatomy

examines structure or morphology of body parts, their forms organization

Physiology

studies the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it

Why is it difficult to separate topics of anatomy and physiology?

anatomical structures make possible their functions

Human Organism

body parts from a well-organized unit

All materials are made up of what?

chemicals

chemicals are composed of ?

atoms

atoms are composed of ?

subatomic particles

atoms join together to form?

molecules

small molecules combine and form?

macromolecules

cells of complex organisms contain what? what do they carry out?

organelles; carry out specific activities

organelles are composed of?

macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbs)

tissue

group of cells

organ

group of different tissues with specialized functions

organ system

group of organs that function closely together

organism

interacting organ systems

cell

basic unit of life

List the levels of organization from lowest level to highest level.

subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

all living things consist of what?

cells

List and explain the characteristics of life

Growth: increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

Reproduction: production of new cells and organisms

Responsiveness: reaction to a change inside or outside the body

Movement: change in body position or location; motion of internal organs

Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions in a living system (energy and nutrient cycling)

What are the four processes of metabolism?

Respiration: acquiring energy; moat organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

Digestion: breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

Circulation: moving of chemicals and cells through body fluids

Excretion: removing waste products

List the environmental factors which are requirements of organisms

chemicals = water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, food

heat = energy

pressure = force

homeostasis

the body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable, such that its cells cna survive

why is homeostasis important?

it maintains a stable internal environment necessary for cells and organisms to function optimally

What systems control homeostasis? How do they control it?

self-regulating systems called homeostatic mechanisms based on feedback loops

Name the 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism

receptors: provide info about specific conditions (stimuli) in internal environment

control center: decision maker; contains set point (body temp of 37ºC or 98.6ºC)

effectors: act and cause appropriate responses (muscles / glands)

list the steps of homeostasis components in correct order

stimulus → receptors → control center (set point) → effectors → response

negative feedback

deviation from the set point is corrected (moves in opposite or negative direction) and the correction reduces the response of the effectors

why is negative feedback important?

crucial for maintaining homeostasis; prevents excessive fluctuations that could be harmful or even fatal

give example of negative feedback in the body

When body temperature rises, the body sweats to cool down

When it gets too cold, the body shivers to generate heat

Positive feedback

a change is not reversed, but intensified, and the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off

why is positive feedback not common in the human body

Usually produces unstable conditions which might not seem compatible with homeostasis

give example of positive feedback in the body

childbirth, where the pressure of the baby's head on the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin, which in turn increases the strength of uterine contractions

human body consists of 2 main portions

Axial: head, neck, trunk

Appendicular: upper and lower limbs

Cranial Cavity

houses brain

what cavity is this?

cranial cavity

Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cavity)

contains spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae

what cavity is this?

vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

Thoracic Cavity

houses the lungs and thoracic viscera

what cavity is this?

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

contains abdominal and pelvic viscera

what cavity is this?

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, most of large intestine

What cavity is this?

Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

enclosed by pelvic bones and contains ends of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

what cavity is this?

Pelvic Cavity

where is the diaphragm located?

muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what cavity is this?

Diaphragm

where is the mediastinum located?

region between the lungs and thoracic cavity which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

what cavity is this?

mediastinum

Serous Membrane

double layered membrane that lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that secrete serous fluid (prevents friction between layers)

Explain the difference between a visceral layer and a parietal layer of a serous membrane

Visceral Layer: inner layer, which covers organs

Parietal Layer: outer layer, which lines wall of cavity

Describe where the visceral and parietal pleura, visceral and parietal pericardium, and visceral and parietal peritoneum are located

Visceral and parietal pleura (around lungs in thorax)

Visceral and parietal pericardium (around heart in thorax)

Visceral and parietal peritoneum (around abdominopelvic organs)

Explain basic functions of all body systems

Integumentary: body covering, protection, body temp regulation, sensory reception, production of vitamin D (body covering, support, movement)

Skeletal: support and movement, framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells (body covering, support, movement)

Muscular: support and movement, main source of body heat and posture (body covering, support, movement)

Nervous: integration and coordination (nerve impulses / neurotransmitters)

Endocrine: integration and coordination (chemical messengers / hormones)

Cardiovascular: transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones, wastes (transport)

Lymphatic: transportation of fluids, carries fats, defends body against infection (transport)

Digestive: receives food, breaks it down, absorbs digestion products, excretes waste (absorption and excretion)

Respiratory: moves air in and out of body, exchange gases, absorbs oxygen (absorption and excretion)

Urinary: removes blood wastes, regulates water balance and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes by transporting outside body (absorption and excretion)

Reproduction: systems produce and transport sex cells, produce hormones, and produce new organisms

anatomical position

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Superior vs Inferior

above

below

what direction is this?

superior

what direction is this?

inferior

Anterior / Ventral vs Posterior / Dorsal

toward the front

toward the back

what direction is this?

anterior / ventral

what direction is this?

posterior / dorsal

Medial vs Lateral

toward the midline

away from the midline

what direction is this?

medial

what direction is this?

lateral

Bilateral

paired structures; on both sides

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

same side

opposite side

Proximal vs Distal

close to point of attachment to trunk

farther from point of attachment to trunk

what direction is this?

proximal

what direction is this?

distal

Superficial vs Deep

close to body surface

more internal

what direction is this?

superficial

Sagittal Section

longitudinal cut that divides the body into left and right portions

Mid-Sagittal / Median Section

divides the body into equal left and right portions

Parasagittal Section

sagittal section lateral to midline that divides body into unequal left and right portions

Transverse or Horizontal Section

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal section

longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Cross Section

a cut across the structure

oblique section

an angular cut

longitudinal section

a lengthwise cut

Epigastric Region

upper middle portion

what abdominal region is this?

epigastric region

Right and Left hypochondriac regions

right and left side of the epigastric region

what abdominal region is this?

right hypochondriac region