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development
the study of how people grow and change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally over the lifespan — from birth to old age.
fine motor coordination
Involves small muscle movements, especially in the hands and fingers.
gross motor coordination
Involves large muscle groups used for big movements like:
Crawling
Walking
Jumping
Throwing a ball
Climbing stairs
physical development
Refers to biological changes in the body over time.
maturation
natural biological growth processes that happen in a fixed, orderly sequence, largely determined by genetics.
infant reflexes: rooting
When you stroke a baby’s cheek, they will:
Turn their head toward the touch
Open their mouth and start making sucking motions
critical period
narrow, biologically determined window during which certain skills must be learned, or they may never develop full
language, some researchers believe the critical period ends around age 7 (or by puberty).
sensitive period
broader, more flexible window where learning is easier and more effective, but not impossible afterward.
Language still possible later, just harder
imprinting
when a young animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object it sees—usually its mother.
adolescent physical development
major bodily changes that occur during puberty, the transition from childhood to adulthood, typically starting between ages 9–14.
puberty-primary sex characteristics
directly related to reproduction — they involve the development of sexual organs and reproductive capabilities.
puberty-secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive physical features that signal sexual maturity.
menarche
a girl’s first menstrual period
spermarche
a boy’s first ejaculation
menopause
natural biological process marking the end of a woman’s reproductive years.
mobility
Decreased muscle strength and endurance
Joint stiffness and arthritis can limit movement
Slower walking speed and balance issues increase fall risk
flexibility
Tendons and ligaments lose elasticity
Range of motion in joints decreases
Makes bending, reaching, and twisting more difficult
reaction time
Affects ability to respond quickly to stimuli (e.g., driving, avoiding obstacles)
Can impact safety and everyday activities
visual acuity
Presbyopia (difficulty focusing on close objects)
Increased risk of cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration
auditory acuity
Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss, especially high frequencies)
Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments