3.2development across the lifespan)

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20 Terms

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development

the study of how people grow and change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally over the lifespan — from birth to old age.

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fine motor coordination

Involves small muscle movements, especially in the hands and fingers.

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gross motor coordination

Involves large muscle groups used for big movements like:

  • Crawling

  • Walking

  • Jumping

  • Throwing a ball

  • Climbing stairs

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physical development

Refers to biological changes in the body over time.

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maturation

natural biological growth processes that happen in a fixed, orderly sequence, largely determined by genetics.

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infant reflexes: rooting

When you stroke a baby’s cheek, they will:

  • Turn their head toward the touch

  • Open their mouth and start making sucking motions

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critical period

narrow, biologically determined window during which certain skills must be learned, or they may never develop full

language, some researchers believe the critical period ends around age 7 (or by puberty).

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sensitive period

broader, more flexible window where learning is easier and more effective, but not impossible afterward.

Language still possible later, just harder

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imprinting

when a young animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object it sees—usually its mother.

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adolescent physical development

major bodily changes that occur during puberty, the transition from childhood to adulthood, typically starting between ages 9–14.

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puberty-primary sex characteristics

directly related to reproduction — they involve the development of sexual organs and reproductive capabilities.

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puberty-secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive physical features that signal sexual maturity.

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menarche

a girl’s first menstrual period

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spermarche

a boy’s first ejaculation

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menopause

natural biological process marking the end of a woman’s reproductive years.

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mobility

  • Decreased muscle strength and endurance

  • Joint stiffness and arthritis can limit movement

  • Slower walking speed and balance issues increase fall risk

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flexibility

  • Tendons and ligaments lose elasticity

  • Range of motion in joints decreases

  • Makes bending, reaching, and twisting more difficult

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reaction time

  • Affects ability to respond quickly to stimuli (e.g., driving, avoiding obstacles)

  • Can impact safety and everyday activities

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visual acuity

  • Presbyopia (difficulty focusing on close objects)

  • Increased risk of cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration

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auditory acuity

  • Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss, especially high frequencies)

  • Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments