mmbio review exam 1 yay !!

Edward Jenner

Developed smallpox immunization using cowpox agent

Paul Ehrlich

sought a magic bullet to destory pathogens and not the host

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin

Joseph Lister

Pioneered aseptic surgery (phenol mists)

John Snow

Father of Epidemiology (working with cholera in London)

Ignaz Semmelweis 

Pioneered asepsis by discovering that hand washing prevented streptococcal infections

in obstetric patients

Robert Koch

Pioneered the cultivation of bacteria on solid media

Louis Pasteur

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of microorganisms with swan-necked

flasks

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see bacteria using a primitive microscope

Francesco Redi

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of flies from meat; father of the

scientific method

Which of the following microorganisms is known for, and classified by, its variety of

locomotive structures

Protozoa

Types of Fungi

yeasts, are eukaryotic, can be molds

Carl Woese

The person who proposed that all cellular life belongs to one of three domains

(Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya), based upon rRNA gene sequences

To which of the following substances would a typical cell membrane be least

permeable

Sodium ion Na+ 

Which organisms are responsible for red tides and shellfish poisoning

Algae

All of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella are true except

They are composed of tubulin

Which of the following substances is not associated with bacterial cell walls

chitin

Cells of the genus Mycoplasma lack?

Peptidoglycan

Short, numerous, non-motile projections used for adherence

Fimbriae

Made of tubulin in eukaryotes

Flagella

Responsible for motility in spirochetes

Axial filaments

Have a central role in bacterial conjugation

Pili

Means “sugar cup”;

most often composed of polysaccharides Glycocalyx

The endosymbiotic theory explains it’s origin in the cell

Mitochondrion

Composed of RNA and protein; major role in protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides

Peptidoglycan

The most significant permeability barrier of the cell

Cell membrane

Resting structure built for survival in harsh conditions

endospore

Teichoic acids

gram positive bacteria only

Lipopolysaccharide

Gram-negative bacteria only

Peptidoglycan

Gram+, Gram – and Acid fast

Mycolic acids

Acid-fast bacteria only

Lipid A

Gram-negative bacteria only

Will appear blue after an acid-fast stain

Gram+ and Gram-

A red blood cell (RBC) is placed into a HYPERTONIC solution… what happens?

crenation (it shrinks)

An RBC is placed into a HYPOTONIC solution.. what happens?

swell then burst (lysis)

A plant cell is placed into a hypertonic solution

Plasmolysis

A plant cell is placed into a hypotonic solution

nothing happens 

An RBC is placed into an isotonic solution

nothing happens

Plasmolysis

(the process where a living plant cell loses water and its cytoplasm shrinks)

An object measures 0.5 μm. This is equivalent to… in nm?

500 nm

Empty magnification results from increasing magnification without increasing

the…

resolution

Assume that a bacterial cell has established a typical proton gradient. When

this gradient is used to power the transport of lactose into the cell, the

protein involved is most correctly termed….

symport

Which of the following types of microscopy is capable of generating a three-

dimensional image of a specimen?

confocal

differential interference contrast

scanning electron

Gram-positive cells immediately following the primary stain

purple

Gram-negative cells immediately following decolorization

colorless

Gram-negative cells immediately following the counterstain

pink

Gram-positive cells immediately following the counterstain

purple

Glucose goes in; pyruvate, ATP, and NADH come out

glycolysis

Acetyl-Co-A goes in; NADH, FADH2, and GTP come out

krebs cycle

Hydrogen atom “juicing”; a proton gradient is formed

Electron transport chain

Lactic acid is produced

fermentation

Fatty acids are broken down, 2 carbons at a time

Beta oxidation

Consists of cytochromes and iron-sulfur proteins

Electron transport chain

Ethyl alcohol and CO2 are produced

fermentation

Malachite green is associated with which of the following staining procedures

endospore stain

The reason visible light is relatively limited in its usefulness for microscopy is

its wavelength is too long to enable high resolution of very small objects

Most stains that stain bacteria well are classified as

-Basic (positively-charged chromophores)

The molecule upon which an enzyme acts is known as its

substrate

Carbon dioxide is, or can be, a by-product of which of the following

the krebs cycle, fermentation 

The synthesis of acetyl-Co-A from pyruvate is a bridge step between which 2 pathways

glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in

the nature of the terminal electron acceptor

Proteins are polymers of

amino acids

The Krebs cycle performs which important functions

removes H atoms from organic

compounds and places them onto NAD + and FAD.

Catalase

is one of the fastest enzymes known

NAD and FAD are most correctly classified as

hydrogen atom carriers

Most bacterial capsules are composed of

polysaccharides

Blood agar to which antibiotics inhibitory to gram-negative bacteria have been added is

Selective

Differential

Complex

A fatty acid containing 14 carbons is metabolized for energy by an aerobic bacterium. What is the

total net number of ATP equivalents that this fatty acid is worth

112

Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation

do not affect electron flow, act by dissipating the proton

gradient, are hydrophobic substances like dinitrophenol and dicumarol.

Which of the following ingredients is characteristic of a complex medium

beef extract

How many times more acid is a tomato (pH=4.3) than blood (pH=7.3)-

1000 times

Net ATP by a lactic acid bacterium (they can only perform this fermentation)

2

Net ATP (aerobic bacterium) from substrate-level phosphorylation only

4

Net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation only, in most eukaryotic cells

32

The number of ethanol molecules produced during fermentation

2

The number of phosphates in ATP

3

The number of fatty acids in a phospholipid

2

The number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule

3

The number of mitochondrial protons required to produce 1 cytoplasmic ATP in a eukaryotic cell

4

The number of ATP equivalents produced from one turn of the Krebs cycle, starting with acetyl-CoA

12

Capnophiles grow best in

higher concentrations of CO2

Forty organisms with a generation time of 20 min are allowed to multiply for 6

hours. How many organisms are present?

One organism develops into 1.07 × 10 9 organisms in 6 hours. What is the

generation time?

During the lag phase, organisms are

synthesizing necessary enzymes without dividing much.

Water activity of a substance is lowered by:

adding salt

adding sugar

removing water

For a mesophile, the optimum temperature of an organism is

always closer to its maximum than its minimum.

Obligate halophiles require

increased concentrations of NaCl.

Match the proper organism to each growth pattern (A)

aerotolerant anaerobe (oxygen does not affect them)

Match the proper organism to each growth pattern (B)

obligate anaerobe (oxygen is toxic to them so at bottom)

Match the proper organism to each growth pattern (C)

facultative anerobe (prefer oxygen so heavy growth at the top)

Match the proper organism to each growth pattern (D)

microaerophile (need a little oxygen but not too much at the surface is toxic)

Which type of cell wall has the most peptidoglycan? 

gram positive

Bacterial flagella are

composed mostly of a globular protein called flagellin

hollow rigged structures responsible for motility

composed of three parts … a filament, a hook, and a basal body

Peptidoglycan are….

covelantly crosslinked with short peptides

is composed of polysaccharide chains containing N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

and ONLY found in bacteria 

A bundle of internal flagella found in spirochetes is called

AXIAL FILAMENT

Which of the followinh structures are present in eukaryots but are ABSENT in prokaryotes?

mitochondria

Antiport

membrane protein that participates in an active process in which two chemicals are simultaneously transported across a membrane in OPPOSITE directions

osmosis

the passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

symport

membrane protein that participates in an active process in which two chemicals are simultaneously transported across a membrane in the same direction