ch 15 - nervous system and behavioral health

med terms

cerebrum controls

skeletal muscles and interprets general senses

• contains centers for sight and hearing

  • also intellect, memory, emotional rxns also take place in cerebrum

meninges

3 layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

ganglion

group of nerve cell bodies located outside CNS

glia

specialized cells located throughout NS that support and nourish nervous tissue

cerebell/o

cerebellum

cerebr/o

cerebrum

dur/o

hard, dura mater

encephal/o

brain

ganglion cf

gangli/o, ganglion/o

gli/o

glia

meninges cf

mening/o, meningi/o

myel/o

spinal cord

neur/o

nerve(s); nerve tissue

poli/o

gray matter

radicul/o, rhiz/o

nerve root

angi/o

vessel ; blood vessels

blast/o

developing or germ cell

cephal/o

head

crani/o

cranium (skull)

embol/o

plug

estesi/o

sensation, feeling

blood cf

hem/o ; hemat/o

water

hydr/o

ment/o , psych/o

mind

mon/o

one, sinlge

phas/o

speech

quadr/i

four

thromb/o

blood clot

a- , an-

absence of, without

painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

dys-

hemi-

half

hyper-

above, excessive

inter-

between

intra-

w/in

para-

beside, around, abnormal

poly-

many, much

post-

after

pre-

before

sub-

under, below

-a , -us

noun suffix, no meaning

pertaining to

-al

-algia

pain

-cele

protrusion, hernia

-genic

causing, producing, originating

-ia

diseased state, condition of

-iatrist

specialist, physician

-iatry

treatment, specialty

-ICTAL

siezure, attack

-ism

state of

-lysis

dissolution , loosening, separating

-malacia

softening

-paresis

slight paralysis

-plegia

paralysis

-rrhage

excessive flow

-rrhaphy

suturing, repairing

-tomy

cut into , incision

cerebllitis

inflammation of the cerebellum

cerebral embolism

state of a plug, pertaining to the cerebrum

• (clot or piece of plaque from a distant site lodged in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue)

cerebral thrombosis

abnormal condition of a blood clot, pertaining to the cerebrum

• (onset of symptoms may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain)

causes of ischemic stroke

cerebral embolism and thrombosis

duritis

inflammation of the dura mater

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

encephalomalacia

softening of the brain

encephalopathy

disease of the brain

encephalomyeloradiculitis

inflammation of brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

gangliitis

inflammation of a ganglion

glioblastoma

tumor composed of developing glia

• most malignant primary tumor of the brain

glioma

tumor composed of glia

• glioblastoma is most aggressive form of glioma

hydrocephalus

water in head (increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain)

intracerebral hemorrhage

bleeding into brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the cerebrum

meningioma

tumor of the meninges

• usually benign and slow growing

  • most common tumor originating in the brain and surrounding tissues

meningitis

inflammation of meninges

meningocele

protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord (through a vertebral arch defect)

mononeuropathy

disease affecting a single nerve

• ex: CTS

Myelitis

inflammation of spinal cord

myelomalacia

softening of spinal cord

neuralgia

nerve pain

neuritis

inflammation of a nerve

poliomyelitis (polio)

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

polyneuritis

inflammation of many nerves

polyneuropathy

disease of many nerves

radiculitis

inflamm. of nerve roots

radiculopathy

disease of nerve roots

rhizomeningomyelitis

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord

subdural hematoma

tumor of blood (blood collection resulting from broken blood vessel) pert. 2 below the dura matter

• collection of blood that has leaked out of a broken vessel

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

• type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age.

• brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy.

• disease is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5 to 10 years.

• prominent feature of AD is the inability to remember the recent past, while memories of the distant past remain intact.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles

Bell palsy

paralysis of muscles on one side of fact caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve cranial nerve VII

siGNs: sagging mouth on affected side, nonclosure of eyelid, temporary paralysis

botulism

serious illness caused by a bacterial toxin that interferes with nerve conduction, causing skeletal muscle paralysis

Sx: trouble seeing and muscle weakness leading to difficulty swallowing and breathing.

fatal types: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism

cerebral aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall (aneurysm) in the cerebrum

• usually asymptomatic until it ruptures (can b fatal)

cerebral palsy (CP)

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

progressive degenerative brain disease that appears years or decades after repeated head trauma (usually prof athletes)

Sx: memory loss, aggression, confusion, attention deficits, poor judgment, anxiety, and depression

• can only be definitively diagnosed after death by brain autopsy

dementia

cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain fxn

• pts have difficulty in various ways

epilepsy

recurrent seizures

migraine

intense, throbbing headache

multiple sclerosis (MS)

chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along brain and spinal cord

Sx: fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, vision problems

Parkinson disease (PD)

chronic degenerative disease of the central NS

Sx: resting tremors of hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, and eventually dementia

• usually after 50 years old

• aka parkinsonism

shingles

viral disease that affects peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

• aka herpes zoster

stroke

interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of O2 and nutrients

• cells may be damaged and die w/in minutes and parts of body controlled by those cells will experience dysfunction

ischemic stroke

result of blocked blood vessel