Psychology Unit 1, AOS 1

sensorimotor stage

- 0-2 years

- object permanence

- goal directed behavior

advantages of Pre- Operational stage

2-7 years

-symbolic thinking

- transformation

- reversibility

disadvantages of pre- operational

disadvantages

- egocentrism: only thinking from ur POV

- Animism: human traits to table

- Centration: think abt one thing at once

Concrete operational

7-12

- conservation: change in appearance doesn't equal change in properties

- classification: group things appropriately

Formal operational

12+

- abstract thinking

- idealistic thinking

schema

idea of what something is and how it should act

Assimilation +example

1. fit new info into existing schema

2. child thinks that cat is a dog because they both of four legs and fur

accommodation + example

1. Changing or creating new schemas to fit new info into

2. Child makes new schema of a cat after learning cat and dog aren't the same

biopsychosocial model

describes how biological, psychological and social factors interact to influence development

Types of psychological development

Emotional, Social and cognitive

whats emotional development

changes in how you experience and express different feelings

social development

Changes in your relationship with others

cognitive development

changes in brain functional and mental ability

what's plasticity?

ability to change brains shape in response to experiences

what's maturation?

biological programmed process of growth

what are critical periods

time frames in which a skill or function MUST be learnt during, if not it may never develop

what are sensitive periods

period of time which you are more responsive to experiences but you can still develop skills outside of sensitive period

ASD (autism) symptoms + definition

disorder that effects the way people communicate and interact with others in the world

symptoms: difficulty with social interactions

social communication problems

restricted/ repetitive behavior

ADHD symptoms + definition

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder involves pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive-impulsive behavior that adversely effects development and everyday functioning

symptoms: Inattention

Hyperactivity

Impulsivity

Neurotypicality

term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning in a way that is typical or expected

Neurodivergent

individuals who gave a variation in neurological development and functioning

Neurodiversity

Variation in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people

adaptive

being able to adjust to the environment appropriately and function effectively

Maladaptive

being unable to adapt to the environment appropriately and function effectively

integrity

the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding the honest reporting of all results and information

justice

the moral obligation to ensure there is fair consideration of competing claims, no unfair burden on a particular group, and fair distribution of benefits and access

benefiance

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms involved

non - malefciance

avoiding causation of harm. if necessary, any resulting harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits.

respect

consideration of the value of living things, regarding beliefs, customs, cultural heritage and capacity to make decisions

debriefing

participants must leave understanding the aim, results, and conclusion, and counselling is provided to ensure no lasting harm

use of deception in research

concealing the true purpose of the experiment when knowledge of it would effect validity of results. only permissable if the benefits outweigh the risks

withdrawl rights

participants can discontinue their involvement at any time, without penalty, and without giving a reason

informed consent

Participants understand the nature, purpose, and risks involved before agreeing to partake. If under 18 or unable to make informed decisions, their guardians can consent for them.

voluntary participation

no coercion or pressure is put on a participant to participate in an experiment and they freely choose to be involved

confidentialy

the privacy, protection and security of a participants personal information and the anonymity of individuals results

Random sampling

Every member of the population has equal chance of being selected

IV

variable that is changed

DV

variable that is being measured

Stratified sampling

ensuring subgroups of a characteristic is represented in the sample in the same proportions as it is in the populations

What is and sample in an experiment

Smaller group of people taken from the population that participate in the study

What is the population in an experiment

Entire group of people the researcher is interested in

Secure attachment

- uses carer as a safebase

- feels comfortable exploring room

- cries when carer leaves, seeks physical contact upon return

- consistently responsive parents

Insecure avoidant attachment

- Rarely cry when carer leaves

- ignore caregiver when returns

- due to abuse or neglect

Insecure resistant attachment

- anxious when caregiver is around

- becomes VERY upset when separated

- due to non responsive caregiver