AP Psychology Unit 10 & 11

Cognitive ability

Cognitive ability

reason, remember, understand, solve problems, and make decisions.

 Intelligence

processing speed, solving challenging problems, and the ability to adapt.

Binet and Simon

two individuals are credited with the first modern intelligence test when they created a test in France (1905) to help identify children who needed special education services?

Nurture

Did Binet and Simon believe that intelligence was due to nature OR nurture?

Lewis Termen

Which individual created the original Stanford-Binet IQ in 1916, which added adult tasks?

nature

Did Lewis Terman believe that intelligence was due to nature OR nurture?

David Weschler

Who created the WAIS-IV & WISC-IV tests?

Adults

Who was the WAIS-IV for?

16 and older

How old do you have to be to take the WAIS-IV

children

Who was the WISC-IV for?

84-116

What is a range of scores that is considered average intelligence?

100

what is the exact middle an IQ test

psychometric approach

determining how intelligent someone is through an tests (IQ test)

Spearman’s g

general intelligence (general abilities/what skills should you have)

Spearman’s s

special intelligence (specific abilities/experiences and things you know)

Fluid intelligence

the basic power of reasoning and problem solving (on the spot)

Crystallized intelligence

involves specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid intelligence (develops overtime)

Earl Hunt

Which individual is associated with the information-processing approach?

information-processing approach

highly intelligent people can process more information and do it quicker.

Robert Sternburg’s Triarchic Triangle

says that there are three different types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.

Triarchic theory (analytic)

most traditional (reading, writing, arithmetic)

Triarchic theory (practical)

application based, common sense/street smarts

Triarchic theory (creative)

How you are creative/artistic

Multiple Intelligences

allows all people to be intelligent in some way.

Linguistic

good at vocabulary and reading comprehension.

Body-kinesthetic

reflected in skill at dancing, athletics, and eye-hand coordination

Logical-mathematical

skill at arithmetic and kinds of reasoning

Intrapersonal

self-understanding/self-awareness (are you metacognitive)

Spatial

seen in the ability to visualize relationships among objects in the environment (artist)      

Interpersonal

ability to understand and interact with others.

Musical

abilities involving rhythm, tempo, and sound identification

Naturalistic

the understanding of the natural around them

cross-sectional study

Compare data collected at the same point in time from people of different ages. Then you make assumptions.

longitudinal study

When subjects are repeatedly tested as they grow older.

False

The decline of cognitive abilities in late adulthood is inevitable and universal. True or False?

Reliability

how consistent you are

validity

how accurate you are.

Split-half

Compare the odd & even questions or compare the first part of the of the test with the second part

test-retest

alternate form

Give another test with different questions, but with the same difficulty level as the original test

Criterion

Does the test show that someone can do something now?

Content

Does the test measure what it should? Appropriate subject matter.

Construct

Does the test accurately measure someone’s intelligence, depression, or personality?

 Predictive

Does the test show what a person can do in the future

Power Tests

Tests designed to measure the upper limits of one’s cognitive ability. Increasingly gets more difficult as a person gets correct answers.

Achievement tests

Tests that measure what you have learned so far. Examples include chapter exam and quizzes.

Aptitude tests 

Tests that measure your ability to do something or learn something in the future. The test give your information and then you have to use/apply it.

Convergent thinking

Ability to apply logic and knowledge to narrow down the number of possible solutions.

Divergent thinking

Ability to come up with multiple solutions to a problem; related to creativity.

Creativity

The ability to produce new high-quality ideas or products

Cultural familial intellectual disability

Cases of mild cognitive disability for which there is no obvious genetic or environmental cause.

Intellectually disabled

Those with an IQ less than 70 and fail to display daily living and communication skills; formally mental retardation

Gifted/Giftedness

People who show remarkably high levels of accomplishments or promise.

Learning disability

Conditions that may account for a discrepancy between a person’s IQ and academic achievement

Dysgraphia

Type of learning disability; problems with writing

Dyslexia

Type of learning disability; difficulty in understanding the meaning of what one reads.

Dyscalculia

Type of learning disability; difficulty with understanding basic arithmetic principles and operations.

Dysphasia

Type of learning disability; problems with understanding spoken words.

Standardization

Term for conditions surrounding a test and that are as similar as possible for everyone taking the test; including the registration, the test, the timing, and the scoring, etc.

Norm

The summary of test scores; including the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation; this allows a person to compare the scores to each other

Flynn effect

The idea that each generation is more intelligent than the previous one.

Pygmalion effect

The idea that high expectation for a student in the classroom can lead to better performance by the student; related to the expectancy effect

Motive

The exact cause, reason, or purpose for behavior

Motivation

The process that explains the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Related to the Optimal-arousal theory; if we have an easy or well-learned task, we can have high arousal, but if the task is new or not well-learned, we should have low arousal

Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation comes from an imbalance of homeostasis and we have a desire to reduce a “need”

Evolutionary Approach

Motivation comes from the need to survive and/or reproduce

Instinct Theory/Instinct Doctrine

Motivation comes from automatic/unlearned reasons

Opponent process theory

Motivation comes from receiving an opposite response from a stimulus

Incentive Theory

Motivation comes from rewards and punishments

Optimal-arousal theory/Arousal Theory

Motivation comes from a desire to maintain a certain level of arousal

Need achievement

the motivation to established goals and care about meeting those goals. A person can have “High” or “Low” need achievement.

Extrinsic motivation

One’s motivation comes from outside sources such as praise, grades, and rewards

Over justification effect

Loss of internal motivation due to external factors EX: reading, younger kids like to read, but when they get to middle school, you get a test. People used read for fun, but now it’s for the grade.

Intrinsic motivation

One’s motivation comes from inside a person; they do things because they simple want to

Growth orientation

Individuals with this are happy with what they have and do NOT focus on what they do not have

Deficiency orientation

Individuals with this are focused on what they do not have and always want more

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

When you have more than one decision to make and each decision has its own pros and cons

Approach-avoidance conflict

Two desirable decisions, but you must pick one

Approach-approach conflict

When one decision has both a pro and a con

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Two undesirable decisions, but you must pick one

Emotional intelligence

The ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways; this includes understanding the emotions of others and responding appropriately

Display Rules

Culturally accepted social norms about how to appropriately express emotions

Sunk-cost fallacy

Tendency to continue/carry-on even though the cost outweighs the benefits

Excitation transfer theory

States that arousal from one situation can carry over to an independent situation; affecting behavior

Adaptation-level theory

Tendency to get used to a situation; making it the norm

Social referencing

The process of letting another person’s emotional state guide your own behavior